Georgian Technical University Researcher Uses Supercomputer To Model Galactic Atmospheres.

This movie shows two galaxies taken from the Tempest Simulations identical aside from their differences in spatial resolution. The galaxy on the left uses a traditional resolution scheme only able to resolve at a coarse 4 comoving kpc near the virial radius whereas the galaxy on the right employs the new scheme requiring spatial resolution elements to be no larger than 500 comoving parsecs (16x better) throughout the halo. Since the beginning of astronomy scientists have historically spent countless hours and more recently countless compute cycles to understand the formation in general. This research has advanced to the point where scientists can reasonably estimate how begin but some mysteries remain. Before present-day researchers were limited in the scope of what they were able to observe. Simulations and models could realistically decipher how the center of a galaxy formed but simulations could simply not account for the interactions that happened outside were missing vital data and insight about how gasses on the outskirts of galaxies behave during formation. “What we’re looking at is a projection of what is termed neutral Hydrogen a cool electrically neutral gas that exists all around the universe” said X . “For the purposes of this technique we’re looking at a common observational constraint that we have: how much of this cool HI (pronounced H one) gas is prevalent in the region around the galaxy ?”. “When you under resolve certain structures as you can see in the left-side simulation below it does some un-physical things and tends to wipe out these cold gas structures that are being probed by the neutral Hydrogen”. By employing their modeling technique one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world X and his research team are able to more accurately than ever before account for cool hydrogen gas (HI) that is spewed into galactic outskirts in vast quantities following formation. In order to visualize this phenomenon and the leaps in advances made by HER (An electronic health record (EHR), or electronic medical record (EMR), is the systematized collection of patient and population electronically-stored health information in a digital format) X was tasked with creating video clips of simulations that illustrate cool HI gas (Hydrogen iodide (HI) is a diatomic molecule and hydrogen halide. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a strong acid. Hydrogen iodide and hydroiodic acid are, however, different in that the former is a gas under standard conditions, whereas the other is an aqueous solution of said gas) in higher resolutions, allowing it to be viewed by the naked eye. Take a look at the videos below the EHR (Electronic Medical Record) technique is displayed on the right: This technique is quite novel; it is the first time simulations have been carried out to accurately depict what happens to cool hydrogen gas during galaxy formation. In turn the results provide a more accurate overall picture to corroborate observations.

These simulations and the subsequent paper would not have been possible however without the use of a massively-parallel leadership supercomputer which is where system at Georgian Technical University comes into play. “I’ve been in computational astrophysics for about ten years now and have used a number of machines” said X. But when it came to this new form of electronic medical record (EMR) modeling was the perfect fit for the job. “Blue Waters has been great” X said. “Right now things just work. Taken out the difficulty of software wrangling and that’s been extremely beneficial for both me as an individual and our entire team”. “Many other allocated computational resources are so over-subscribed trying to get a job submitted and through the queue is extremely challenging especially during deadline times” X continued. “Due to the way the system is set up with the number of people that can apply being limited and relatively large allocations being doled out we haven’t had nearly as many issues as we see on other systems meaning research is run on a much faster time-scale. Relative to other national resources we can get simulations done on an order of two to three times sooner”. These movies and this publication are merely the tip of the iceberg for this research however. Many members of X team are working to publish their own insights gained from these electronic medical record (EMR) simulations which will hopefully pave the way for an even deeper understanding of galactic formation for both researchers and the general public. “Our allocation is now officially complete but we are continuing to work on analyses on these data sets” said X.“This is the first of several different papers including from my colleagues who share this allocation. This was all enabled by the presence and I for one am very appreciative”.

Georgian Technical University Engines Develops Efficient, Low-emission Gasoline Engine Using Supercomputing.

Adjacent computer-assisted design models of the Georgian Technical University Engines opposed-piston gasoline engine. To optimize the design Georgian Technical University Engines researchers simulated the engine’s complex flow of air and fuel during combustion on the Titan supercomputer and cluster at Georgian Technical University Laboratory.  A more efficient car engine ? That’s the goal. An opposed-piston engine is more efficient than a traditional internal combustion engine. Georgian Technical University Engines is developing a multi-cylinder gasoline engine for automotive use. The team enhanced the engine’s reciprocating sleeve-valve system thanks to a Department of Energy supercomputer. The result ? An engine with better combustion and reduced pollutant emissions. In an opposed-piston engine, the mechanics and thermodynamics involved are complex. Changing the design offers unique challenges. Through access to the Titan supercomputer at the Georgian Technical University Engines discovered a design concept that met its technical goals. Now Georgian Technical University Engines is building a prototype engine for testing. For over a decade Georgian Technical University-based small business Georgian Technical University Engines has developed opposed-piston engines for a range of small single-cylinder applications such as motorcycle and industrial generator engines. To overcome some of the mechanical and thermodynamic challenges of developing an opposed-piston engine for passenger cars that meets efficiency and emissions goals Georgian Technical University Engines researchers used the Titan supercomputer and cluster at the Georgian Technical University to optimize the company’s engine model. To prepare its code for Titan’s large-scale architecture and improve analysis of scientific results the team also worked with researchers at the Georgian Technical University Laboratory. On Titan the team completed computational fluid dynamics simulations for a multi-cylinder engine eight times faster than was possible on Georgian Technical University Engine’s in-house computing resources. The detailed Titan simulations revealed the importance of combining a swirling and tumbling motion of gas during combustion known as a “Georgian Technical University swumble” mode. Ultimately Georgian Technical University Engines discovered a design concept that met its technical goals: a four-stroke, opposed-piston sleeve-valve engine with variable valve timing and compression ratio and a swumble mode of combustion. The team modeled the combustion system over typical operating conditions and determined the design could successfully meet emissions and fuel-economy standards. Georgian Technical University Engines is now building a prototype engine for testing.

Georgian Technical University Supercomputing Propels Jet Atomization Research For Industrial Processes.

Visualization of the liquid surface and velocity magnitude of a round jet spray. Whether it is designing the most effective method for fuel injection in engines building machinery to water acres of farmland or painting a car humans rely on liquid sprays for countless industrial processes that enable and enrich our daily lives. To understand how to make liquid jet spray cleaner and more efficient though researchers have to focus on the little things: Scientists must observe fluids flowing in atomic microsecond detail in order to begin to understand one of science’s great challenges —turbulent motion in fluids. Experiments serve as an important tool for understanding industrial spray processes but researchers have increasingly come to rely on simulation for understanding and modelling the laws governing the chaotic turbulent motions present when fluids are flowing quickly. A team of researchers led by professor X Ph.D. at the Georgian Technical University understood that modelling the complexities of turbulence accurately and efficiently requires it to employ high-performance computing (HPC) and recently it has been using Georgian Technical University Centre for Supercomputing (GCS) resources at the Georgian Technical University  to create high-end flow simulations for better understanding turbulent fluid motion. “Our goal is to develop simulation software that someone can apply commercially for real engineering problems” says Y Ph.D. collaborator on the X team. He works together with collaborator Z on the computational project. It’s a (multi) phase. When scientists and engineers speak of liquid sprays there is a bit more nuance to it than that — most sprays are actually multiphase phenomena meaning that some combination of a liquid, solid and gas are flowing at the same time. In sprays this generally happens through atomization or the breakup of a liquid fluid into droplets and ligaments eventually forming vapours in some applications. Researchers need to account for this multiphase mixing in their simulations with enough detail to understand some of the minute fundamental processes governing turbulent motions — specifically how droplets form coalesce and break-up or the surface tension dynamics between liquids and gases — while also capturing a large enough area to see how these motions impact jet sprays. Droplets are formed and influenced by turbulent motion but also further influence turbulent motion after forming creating the need for very detailed and accurate numerical simulation. When modeling fluid flows, researchers have several different methods they can use. Among them direct numerical simulations (DNS) offer the highest degree of accuracy, as they start with no physical approximations about how a fluid will flow and recreates the process “from scratch” numerically down to the smallest levels of turbulent motion (“Kolmogorov-scale” resolution). Due to its high computational demands direct numerical simulations (DNS) simulations are only capable of running on the world’s most powerful supercomputers such as SuperComp at Georgian Technical University. Another common approach for modeling fluid flows large-eddy simulations (LES) make some assumptions about how fluids will flow at the smallest scales and instead focus on simulating larger volumes of fluids over longer periods of time. For large-eddy simulations (LES) simulations to accurately model fluid flows though the assumptions built into the model must rely on quality input data for these small-scale assumptions hence the need for direct numerical simulations (DNS) calculations.

To simulate turbulent flows the researchers created a three-dimensional grid with more than a billion individual small cells solving equations for all forces acting on this fluid volume which according to Newton’s second law give rise to a fluid accelerating. As a result the fluids velocity can be simulated in both space and time. The difference between turbulent and laminar or smooth flows depends on how fast a fluid is moving as well as how thick or viscous it is and in addition to the size of the flow structures. Then researchers put the model in motion calculating liquid properties from the moment it leaves a nozzle until it has broken up into droplets. Based on the team’s direct numerical simulations (DNS) calculations it began developing new models for fine-scale turbulence data that can be used to inform large-eddy simulations (LES) calculations ultimately helping to bring accurate jet spray simulations to a more commercial level. Large Eddy Simulations (LES) calculates the energy carrying large structures but the smallest scales of the flow are modelled meaning that Large Eddy Simulations (LES) calculations potentially provide high accuracy for a much more modest computational effort. Flowing in the right direction. Although the team has made progress in improving Large Eddy Simulations (LES) models through gaining a more fundamental understanding of fluid flows through its direct numerical simulations (DNS) simulations there is still room for improvement. While the team can currently simulate the atomization process in detail it would like to observe additional phenomena taking place on longer time scales such as evaporation or combustion processes. Next-generation HPC (High Performance Computing) resources will help to close the gap between academic-caliber direct numerical simulations (DNS) of flow configurations and real experiments and industrial applications. This will give rise into more realistic databases for model development and will provide detailed physical insight into phenomena that are difficult to observe experimentally. In addition the team has more work to do to implement its improvements to Large Eddy Simulations (LES) models. The next challenge is to model droplets that are smaller than the actual grid size in a typical large-eddy simulation but still can interact with the turbulent flow and can contribute to momentum exchange and evaporation.

Georgian Technical University Supercomputing Helps Study Two-Dimensional Materials.

Atomistic model illustrating a multilayer of lithium atoms between two graphene sheets.  Whether it is high-temperature superconductors and improved energy storage to bendable metals and fabrics capable of completely wicking liquids materials scientists study and understand the physics of interacting atoms in solids to ultimately find ways to improve materials we use in every aspect of daily life. The frontier of materials science research lies not in alchemical trial and error though; to better understand and improve materials today researchers must be able to study material properties at the atomic scale and under extreme conditions. As a result researchers have increasingly come to rely on simulations to complement or inform experiments into materials properties and behaviors.

A team of researchers led by X physicist at the Georgian Technical University partners with experimentalists to answer fundamental questions about materials properties and the team recently had a big breakthrough — experimentalists were able to observe in real time lithium atoms behaviour when placed between two graphene sheets. A graphene sheet is what researchers consider a 2D material as it is only one atom thick which made it possible to observe lithium atom motion in a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments. With access to supercomputing resources through the Georgian Technical University X’s team was able to use the Georgian Technical University High-Performance Computing Center Stuttgart’s (HLRS) Y supercomputer to simulate, confirm and expand on the team’s experimental findings.  “2D materials exhibit useful and exciting properties, and can be used for many different applications not only as a support in transmission electron microscopy (TEM)” X says. “Essentially 2D materials are at the cutting edge of materials research. There are likely about a couple thousands of these materials, and roughly 50 have actually been made”.

Under the microscope. To better understand 2D materials experimentally researchers routinely use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) nowadays. The method allows researchers to suspend small thin pieces of a material then run a high-energy electron beam over it ultimately creating a magnified image of the material that researchers can study much like a movie projector takes images from a reel and projects them onto a larger screen. With this view into a material experimentalists can better chart and estimate atoms’ positions and arrangements. The high-energy beam can do more than just help researchers observe materials though — it is also a tool to study 2D materials electronic properties. Moreover  researchers can use the high-energy electrons from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to knock out individual atoms from a material with high precision to see how the material’s behavior changes based on the structural change. Recently experimentalists from Georgian Technical University and Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University wanted to better understand how lithium particles interacted between two atom-thin graphene sheets. Better understanding lithium intercalation or placing lithium between layers of another material (in this case, graphene) helps researchers develop new methods for designing better battery technologies. Experimentalists got data from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and asked X and his collaborators to rationalize the experiment using simulation.

Simulations allow researchers to see a material’s atomic structure from a variety of different angles and they also can help speed up the trial-and-error approach to designing new materials purely through experiment. “Simulations cannot do the full job but they can really limit the number of possible variants and show the direction which way to go” X says. “Simulations save money for people working in fundamental research industry and as a result computer modelling is getting more and more popular”. In this case X and his collaborators found that the experimentalists atomic coordinates or the positions of particles in the material would not be stable meaning that the material would defy the laws of quantum mechanics. Using simulation data X and his collaborators suggested a different atomic structure and when the team re-ran its experiment it found a perfect match with the simulation. “Sometimes you don’t really need high theory to understand the atomic structure based on experimental results but other times it really is impossible to understand the structure without accurate computational approaches that go hand-in-hand with the experiment” X says. The experimentalists were able to for the first time watch in real-time how lithium atoms behave when placed between two graphene sheets and with the help of simulations get insights into how the atoms were arranged. It was previously assumed that in such an arrangement the lithium would be structured as a single atomic layer but the simulation showed that lithium could form bi- or trilayers at least in bi-layer graphene leading researchers to look for new ways to improve battery efficiency. Charging forward. X noted that while simulation has made big strides over the last decade there is still room for improvement. The team can effectively run first-principles simulations of 1,000-atom systems over periods of time to observe short-term (nanosecond time scale) material interactions. Larger core counts on next-generation supercomputers will allow researchers to include more atoms in their simulations meaning that they can model more realistic and meaningful slices of a material in question.

The greater challenge according to X relates to how long researchers can simulate material interactions. In order to study phenomena that happen over longer periods of time such as how stress can form and propagate a crack in metal for example researchers need to be able to simulate minutes or even hours to see how the material changes. That said researchers also need to take extremely small time steps in their simulations to accurately model the ultra-fast atomic interactions. Simply using more compute cores allows researchers to do calculations for larger systems faster but cannot make each time step go faster if a certain “Georgian Technical University parallelization” threshold is reached. Breaking this logjam will require researchers to rework algorithms to more efficiently calculate each time step across a large amount of cores. X also indicated that designing codes based on quantum computing could enable simulations capable of observing material phenomena happening over longer periods of time — quantum computers may be perfect for simulating quantum phenomena. Regardless of what direction researchers go X noted that access to supercomputing resources through GCS (The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale which aims to give a reliable and objective way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A person is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a person’s score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and either 14 (original scale) or 15 (more widely used modified or revised scale)) enables him and his team to keep making progress. “Our team cannot do good research without good computing resources” he said.

Georgian Technical University Faster Than Allowed By Quantum Computing ?

Computers are an integral part of our daily lives. What has once been science fiction is now real technology in our pockets. But computers are physical objects. And as quantum computation has taught us new insights into physics can sometimes lead to new types of computers. What kinds of computers would be conceivable if physics worked differently ? The quantum physicists X from the Georgian Technical University and Y from the Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani University have addressed this question. Theoretical properties of such “Georgian Technical University science fiction computers” could give us interesting insights into quantum computing. Bits and Qubits. The key elements of classical and quantum computers are the bits: alternatives of “yes” and “no” wired together in a circuit. On an ordinary laptop these bits would have to be either 0 or 1. Quantum computers on the other hand work with quantum bits: we can think of these as points on a three-dimensional ball. The north pole represents 0 and the south pole 1. A “Georgian Technical University qubit” can also take any place in between (for example on the equator) — the so-called superposition states.

In their current study X and Y consider bits as points on a ball, too. But in contrast to the quantum bit this ball does not need to be three-dimensional. A few years ago two quantum physicists from the Georgian Technical University Z and W have conjectured that these balls describe alternative physics in worlds with more than three spatial dimensions. To check this idea X and Y have made two assumptions on how these bits are wired: first they are processed via reversible gates like “AND” or “NOT.” Second they satisfy an intuitive property of classical and quantum computing: knowing the single bits and how they are correlated tells us everything there is to know. The surprising result: even though their bits would be more complicated these computers would have extremely limited capabilities. They would not be faster than quantum computers and could not even execute ordinary algorithms. In this sense dimension three and the quantum bit are special and so is quantum computation: in a phrase coined previously by computer scientist V.

Georgian Technical University Dives Deeper Into Field Of Quantum Science And Engineering.

Georgian Technical University  researchers have created the fastest man-made rotor in the world which they believe will help them study quantum mechanics.  Last year to advance coordinated research efforts in quantum information science — the study of the smallest particles and how they can be manipulated — to secure the nation’s preeminence in the tech economy and national security. Why ? Quantum computing has the potential to be a game-changer in everyday life. With research in quantum information science strong and accelerating at Georgian Technical University a new Quantum Science and Engineering Institute was formed to coordinate and incentivize university-wide activities and establish a new resource for faculty and students working on and interested in the pivotal field, which may lead to an array of advanced technologies and products. “Quantum information science has become one of the most rapidly developing and game-changing areas in science and technology promising many revolutionary advances in the coming decades” said X at Georgian Technical University. “Quantum information science is a defining technology for the future a strong, early and coordinated multi-sector focus on these technologies”.

The new institute will help grow and support quantum information science and engineering. A professor of physics and of electrical and computer engineering in Georgian Technical University. Georgian Technical University which also houses various research programs ranging from nano/quantum photonics to nanoelectronics and spintronics. The precursor to the new by Y and Z Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Researchers are plumbing the realm of quantum mechanics which attempts to describe the non-intuitive behavior of physical systems at the atomic and subatomic levels. “Quantum science is experiencing a surge of interest as researchers students and industry leaders across the globe race to build a truly usable quantum computer a machine that will be able to process unimaginable amounts of data at exponentially faster rates than today transfer and store information with advanced cryptography and facilitate new discoveries and myriad other applications” W said.

In a traditional computer a “Georgian Technical University bit” of information is either a one or a zero on or off.  Each bit can only exist in one state at a time. However a quantum bit or “Georgian Technical University qubit” can be both a one and a zero at the same time due to the quantum phenomenon of  “Georgian Technical University superposition”. “This effectively doubles the computing power of one traditional bit” Y said. “Two qubits together can represent four scenarios at the same time three qubits represent eight scenarios, and so on. The computing power thus grows exponentially with the number of qubits”.

Another feature of quantum mechanics that can be exploited is “Georgian Technical University  entanglement” what Albert Einstein (Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science) called “Georgian Technical University  spooky action at a distance”. Entanglement is a phenomenon that shows that particles can be linked together and the effects of manipulation of one particle are shown in the other no matter the distance between them. If harnessed for technology entanglement could bring advanced computers, communication systems and sensors with unprecedented capabilities.

Georgian Technical University has many experts in the field, and about 30 faculty members will be involved in the new institute. “For example a group led by physics professor Q who also directs a Georgian Technical University Station Q lab at Georgian Technical University grows and studies ultra-pure semiconductors and hybrid systems of semiconductors and superconductors that may form the physical platform upon which a quantum computer is built” said P. Georgian Technical University researchers are one step closer to “unhackable” communication in work led by Y.

“Using entangled states light and matter are so sensitive to disturbance it would be virtually impossible for a hacker to do their work undetected in a quantum system” said R. “Professor Y’s Quantum Photonics in the College of Engineering has created a new technique that increases the secret bit rate of single photons to allow for sending much larger pieces of information at faster rates than has been previously demonstrated”. Other promising areas of research include work to develop “Georgian Technical University spintronics” devices for future computers; new materials and energy technologies; quantum sensors and other quantum technologies for industry and medicine; and data analytics. A work being done at Georgian Technical University is available here. “As such the institute will work closely with other centers to support all the major Discovery Park strategic ‘impact’ themes – health, sustainability and security” X said. “The institute will be able to effectively support, connect and grow quantum related research over the whole coordinate across diverse disciplines and colleges”.

“I commend Congress for passing the Georgian Technical University Act with plans to invest well over a billion dollars in quantum information science research over the next 10 years” X said. “Developing quantum systems is hard it’s a scientific and an engineering grand challenge we need a clear strategy and significant resources to stay in front of our international competition develop and take advantage of these amazing new technologies and be the first to market. The national security and economic security of the United States demands it.” The private sector and academia need to tightly integrate basic research and engineering to create practical quantum computers and other quantum information systems and technologies he said. In addition to various federal agencies ramping up funding for the field leaders of various tech giants such as well as numerous new startups are developing the technologies to build the quantum computers and systems of the future.

“These efforts include very interesting and effective partnerships with universities such as alliance with Georgian Technical University and an alliance with the newly created entanglement institute” X said. “Public-private partnerships will need to provide test beds and benchmarking mechanisms for new technologies as they are developed. These complement well with Georgian Technical University’s strong and increasing collaboration with national labs which play very important roles with their state of the art facilities and unique expertise in quantum related fields”.

Light Up Logic: Engineers Perform Computational Logic With Light.

(Click to view animation) For the first time researchers performed logic operations — the basis of computation — with a chemical device using electric fields and ultraviolet light. The device and the pioneering methods used open up research possibilities including low-power high-performance computer chips. Columnar liquid crystals are similar in size to current semiconductor transistors. The sample of changes its state in a second but can last for hours. For the first time researchers performed logic operations — the basis of computation — with a chemical device using electric fields and ultraviolet light. The device and the pioneering methods used open up research possibilities including low-power high-performance computer chips.

Computers need an upgrade. From smartwatches to data centers all computers feature similar kinds of components including processors and memory. These semiconductor chips comprise minuscule electronic transistors on beds of silicon. Such devices cannot be made much smaller because of how matter behaves at the quantum scale they’re approaching. For this reason and more engineers devise new ways and materials to perform logic and memory functions.

Doctoral student X lecturer Y and professor Z from the Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology at the and their team developed a device that demonstrates functions useful to computation. Conventional computers use electric charge to represent binary digits (1s and 0s) but the Georgian Technical University engineers device uses electric fields and UV (Ultraviolet designates a band of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight constituting about 10% of the total light output of the Sun) light. These allow for lower power operation and create less heat than logic based on electric charge.

The device is also vastly different from current semiconductor chips as it is chemical in nature and it’s this property that gives rise to its potential usefulness in the future of computation. It’s not just the power and heat benefit; this device could be manufactured cheaply and easily too. The device features disk and rod-shaped molecules that self-assemble into spiral staircase-like shapes called columnar liquid crystals (CLC) in the right conditions. “One thing I love about creating a device using chemistry is that it’s less about ‘building’ something; instead it’s more akin to ‘growing’ something” says Y. “With delicate precision, we coax our compounds into forming different shapes with different functions. Think of it as programming with chemistry”. Before a logic operation begins the researchers sandwich a sample of CLCs (columnar liquid crystals) between two glass plates covered in electrodes. Light that is polarized — always vibrates in a single plane — passes through the sample to a detector on the other side.

In the sample’s default state the CLCs (Columnar Liquid Crystals) exist in a randomly oriented state which allows the light to reach the detector. When either the electric field or UV (Ultraviolet designates a band of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight constituting about 10% of the total light output of the Sun) light is individually switched on then off the detected output remains the same. But when the electric field and UV (Ultraviolet designates a band of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight constituting about 10% of the total light output of the Sun) light are switched on together and then off again after about a second the CLCs (Columnar Liquid Crystals) line up in a way which blocks the detector from the light.

If the “output” states of light and dark, and the “input” states of the electric field and UV (Ultraviolet designates a band of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight constituting about 10% of the total light output of the Sun) light are all assigned binary digits to identify them then the process has effectively performed what is called a logical AND function — all inputs to the function must be “1” for the output to be “1.”

“The AND function is one of several fundamental logic functions but the most important one for computation is the NOT-AND or NAND function. This is one of several areas for further research” explains X. “We also wish to increase the speed and density of the CLCs (Columnar Liquid Crystals) to make them more practical for use. I’m fascinated by how self-assembling molecules like those we use to make the CLCs (Columnar Liquid Crystals) give rise to phenomena such as logical functions”.

Georgian Technical University Reimagining Information Processing.

Georgian Technical University ‘s X and a team of researchers are looking beyond the limits of classical computing used in everyday devices. Because technology is a part of our everyday lives it may be difficult to imagine what the future of technology will look like let alone what it has the potential of accomplishing. Georgian Technical University physicists X, Y, Z, Q and W are looking beyond the limits of classical computing used in our everyday devices and are working toward making quantum device applications widely accessible.

The researchers proved that superconductivity which has a wide range of technological applications including being an integral component of quantum computing can be manipulated by a weak continuous ultraviolet light. This discovery has broad fundamental and applicational impacts such as those in the development of quantum computation.

“This is why this is particularly significant” said X an associate professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. “We can control the superconducting state by using just a flashlight instead of using a high energy laser or extreme conditions of pressure and temperature”.

The technology we are accustomed to today operates by storing information as binary zero and one and are limited to solving only one problem at a time. However quantum computers perform differently to manipulate and store information by using a quantum bit which has the ability to solve complex problems. “The whole current fleet of devices was built by using a classic bit” X said. “Now the question is ‘How do we move forward ?’”.

According to X a regular transistor can almost be as small as a single molecule and is used in modern technology to process information but it cannot support a quantum bit. However the superconducting material can. Quantum computers have the potential to provide breakthroughs in materials and drug discovery the optimization of complex systems and artificial intelligence. “In the future if we can understand these phenomena we can very possibly use this light modulated superconductor commercially for devices” X said.

By using a single atomic layer film of iron selenide grown by W a postdoctoral associate of Y the V Professor of Physics the researchers could also switch its properties from a normal state to a superconducting state very quickly and reversibly by applying a voltage pulse. “Most remarkably, this effect is also nonvolatile meaning that the light-induced superconducting state remains even after the Georgian Technical University  light is turned off” Y said.

“Drs. X, Y and Z are an integral part of the Department of Physics and Astronomy’s development of a world-class condensed matter physics research program here at Georgian Technical University” said R. “This research highlights the cutting-edge research being done at Georgian Technical University and we are very excited to see their work”.

Computer Simulation Sheds New Light On Colliding Stars.

Artist’s conception of two neutron stars colliding. A Georgian Technical University researcher has created a 3-D computer simulation that gives scientists a clearer picture of what happens in the aftermath of the collision. A cross-section of the model of two colliding neutron stars shows the accretion disk in red around the black hole at the center. The astrophysical jet is the blue funnel above and below the black hole.

Unprecedented detail of the aftermath of a collision between two neutron stars depicted in a 3D computer model created by a Georgian Technical University astrophysicist provides a better understanding of how some of the universe’s fundamental elements form in cosmic collisions. “The collision creates heavy elements including gold and lead” said X who worked with an international research team using supercomputers at the Georgian Technical University and data from a collision scientists detected the first such collision ever observed.

“We also saw for the first time a gamma-ray burst from two neutron stars colliding. There’s a large amount of science coming out of that discovery” he added including helping researchers calculate the mass of the neutron stars and even confirm how fast the universe is expanding.

Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars packing more mass than Earth’s sun into an area the size of a city. When two of them collide they merge in a flash of light and debris known as a kilonova (A kilonova is a transient astronomical event that occurs in a compact binary system when two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole merge into each other) as material explodes outward. Until now computer simulations of the collisions haven’t been sophisticated enough to account for where all that material ends up. For example the new 3D model shows that the accretion disk — the collection of leftover debris that orbits the combined star — ejects twice the amount of material and at higher speeds compared with previous 2D models. “While our results do not fully reconcile all discrepancies they bring the numbers closer together” X said adding that his model provides a better understanding of how heavy elements are created and ejected into space.

By modelling the aftermath of the collision in such detail X and the team were also able to account for another way matter is ejected from the collision: on an astrophysical jet a narrow plume of particles and radiation shot out at nearly the speed of light as the stars collide. The jet is also thought to be the source of the gamma-ray burst. “It was expected that we could find jets but this is the first time we’ve been able to model this in enough detail to see this effect emerge” explained X. Modelling the event in 3D was no easy task he added.

Although a neutron star collision happens in just milliseconds the accretion disk can last for seconds. Its formation also involves complex physics and many physical processes all happening at once making it far harder for computers to simulate.

“Among the processes at work the main culprit is actually the magnetic field acting on the matter” noted X. “We know the equations that describe that process but the only way that we can properly describe them is in 3D. So not only do you have to run the simulation for a long time you also have to model it in three dimensions which is computationally very expensive. “The simulation’s technical aspects are impressive from a scientific standpoint because the interactions are so complex”.

Quantum Scientists Demonstrate World-First 3D Atomic-Scale Quantum Chip Architecture.

Georgian Technical University researchers have shown for the first time that they can build atomic precision qubits in a 3D device — another major step towards a universal quantum computer. The team of researchers Professor X have demonstrated that they can extend their atomic qubit fabrication technique to multiple layers of a silicon crystal—achieving a critical component of the 3D chip architecture that they introduced to the world. The group is the first to demonstrate the feasibility of an architecture that uses atomic-scale qubits aligned to control lines — which are essentially very narrow wires — inside a 3D design. What’s more the team was able to align the different layers in their 3D device with nanometer precision — and showed they could read out qubit states single shot i.e. within one single measurement with very high fidelity.

“This 3D device architecture is a significant advancement for atomic qubits in silicon” says X. “To be able to constantly correct for errors in quantum calculations — an important milestone in our field — you have to be able to control many qubits in parallel.

“The only way to do this is to use a 3D architecture. We developed and patented a vertical crisscross architecture. However there were still a series of challenges related to the fabrication of this multi-layered device. With this result we have now shown that engineering our approach in 3D is possible in the way we envisioned it a few years ago”. The team has demonstrated how to build a second control plane or layer on top of the first layer of qubits.

“It’s a highly complicated process, but in very simple terms we built the first plane and then optimized a technique to grow the second layer without impacting the structures in first layer” explains researcher  Y.

“In the past critics would say that that’s not possible because the surface of the second layer gets very rough and you wouldn’t be able to use our precision technique anymore – however we have shown that we can do it contrary to expectations”. The team also demonstrated that they can then align these multiple layers with nanometer precision.

“If you write something on the first silicon layer and then put a silicon layer on top you still need to identify your location to align components on both layers. We have shown a technique that can achieve alignment within under 5 nanometers which is quite extraordinary” Y says.

Lastly the researchers were able to measure the qubit output of the 3D device with what’s called single shot — i.e. with one single accurate measurement, rather than having to rely on averaging out millions of experiments. “This will further help us scale up faster” Y. X says that this research is a major milestone in the field.

“We are working systematically towards a large-scale architecture that will lead us to the eventual commercialisation of the technology. “This is an important development in the field of quantum computing but it’s also quite exciting for Georgian Technical University” says X.

Georgian Technical University has been working to create and commercialize a quantum computer based on a suite of intellectual property developed at Georgian Technical University and its own proprietary intellectual property. “While we are still at least a decade away from a large-scale quantum computer the work of remains at the forefront of innovation in this space. Concrete results such as these reaffirm our strong position internationally” she concludes.