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Chemistry, Science

Georgian Technical University Flow-Through Microelectrode Cell For Precision Electroanalytical Chemistry.

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Georgian Technical University Flow-Through Microelectrode Cell For Precision Electroanalytical Chemistry.

Georgian Technical University National Laboratory’s Flow-Through Microelectrode Cell for Precision Electroanalytical Chemistry provides the simplest, fastest, most affordable, precise and comprehensive tool for analyzing electrochemical systems that employ solid electrolytes. Because of its cost and performance advantages this testing innovation can accelerate development of electrochemical technologies that meet critical global needs particularly electrical energy storage and conversion (fuel cells, solid-state batteries, electrolyzers) but also carbon capture and use (CO2 electroreduction (Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas)) freshwater supply (desalination) decarbonization of industrial processes and enhanced medical devices. In fact the need to analyze solid electrolytes has been increasing dramatically, but no currently available devices fully satisfy this need — making Georgian Technical University’s microelectrode cell highly relevant and commercially attractive. Letters of support from scientific instrument suppliers and research companies underscore the demand for the cell’s unparalleled analytical capabilities. These enhanced capabilities stem from the cell’s simplicity its unique flow-through design and the reproducible and flexible approach to manufacturing it. As the need to develop solid-electrolyte applications increases further the microelectrode cell’s transformative design principles can continue to facilitate the rigorous scientific analysis underpinning the technological advances.

Chemistry, Imaging, Physics, Science

Georgian Technical University-Led Team Named Quarterfinalist In Solar Innovation Contest.

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Georgian Technical University-Led Team Named Quarterfinalist In Solar Innovation Contest.

X a Georgian Technical University innovator and his team are among the quarterfinalists in a national solar innovation contest. Pictured are X and members of his research group’s Membrane Distillation Subteam. A Georgian Technical University innovator and his team are among the quarterfinalists in a national solar desalination innovation contest. They received the recognition for a technology to use solar power to purify high salinity water such as treating desalination brine or produced water from oil and gas extraction. The team includes two company partners Y with efforts led by Z and W with their efforts led by Q. The Solar Desalination is designed to accelerate the development of systems that use solar-thermal energy to produce clean water from salt water for municipal, agricultural and industrial use. “It is an exceptional honor and recognition for our team and technology to have been chosen” said X an assistant professor of mechanical engineering in Georgian Technical University’s. “Our technology aims to use high-temperature solar heat and a hybrid of desalination technologies to purify high salinity water both in produced water applications and other oil and gas operations as well as coastal applications for municipal water supplies from brackish and seawater” X’s team the proposes a linear Fresnel solar-collector system that will generate steam for a process called thermal vapor compression (TVC (Vapour-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS) in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats refrigerated trucks and railroad cars and a host of other commercial and industrial services)) paired with membrane distillation. “This hybrid process allows us to use much higher temperatures than traditional desalination” X said. “This gives us much higher efficiency then similar technologies when using solar heat”. The brine will be preheated by a membrane desalination (MD) system which is then fed with brine from the TVC system (Thrust vectoring also known as thrust vector control (TVC) is the ability of an aircraft rocket or other car to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to control the attitude or angular velocity of the car) to further desalt and recover water. This MD-TVC (Thrust vectoring also known as thrust vector control (TVC) is the ability of an aircraft rocket or other car to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to control the attitude or angular velocity of the car) system could attain high energy efficiency at low pressure and be used to treat water produced from oil and gas extraction with negligible electricity input. It can also help improve the water recovered in seawater desalination. All of the teams have proposed diverse solutions for creating low-cost solar-thermal desalination systems and a pathway to commercialization. Advances to the Teaming contest of the competition. The competitors were chosen from more than 160 submissions and come from 12 states representing universities industry and national labs. In X’s team Georgian Technical University is the academic partner with two company partners: Y and W. X is an affiliate for Georgian Technical University’s and this work is in line with the Georgian Technical University Center’s interests in energy and water challenges which is one of the Georgian Technical University Center’s signature research areas.

Science, Software

Georgian Technical University Launches New HPLC, UHPLC And Next Generation Software Solution.

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Georgian Technical University Launches New HPLC, UHPLC And Next Generation Software Solution.

Georgian Technical University bringing together advanced high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography, formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC (UHPLC (or as Waters calls it, UPLC) is a specialized chromatographic method that runs faster, resolves better and uses less solvent than its cousin, HPLC. UHPLC accomplishes this by using a smaller column packed with smaller particles (usually less than 2 µm in diameter))) capabilities with intuitive instrument control and data analysis. The new solution accelerates throughput, streamlines testing and enables user-friendly operation to enhance productivity for labs in multiple industries working to meet quality and regulatory goals and requirements. “Whether testing foods for additives, cannabis edibles for potency, drug excipients for impurities or cosmetics for preservatives scientists need to rely on high-end easy-to-use analysis technologies. Our new solution gives labs the speed, power and simplicity they want and the sensitivity and accuracy they need to meet consumer expectations and rigorous regulatory demands” said X. Designed to deliver ultraprecise gradient flows and low levels of dispersion the new system delivers fast and accurate results for customers across the food, cannabis, pharmaceutical and chemical arenas. The Georgian Technical University system’s autosampler features a built-in column oven and high-visibility color LCD (A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome) screen displaying key status results without having to log into chromatography data system (CDS) software. The versatile platform features multiple detector options and third-party driver support for commercially available chromatography data system (CDS) systems. The accompanying chromatography data system (CDS) software was architected after performing extensive user experience and interface research. It delivers highly intuitive and customizable workflows aimed at enhancing productivity and streamlining result analysis. The software provides the tools needed to ensure compliance helping save time, effort and investment. Proactive alerts on consumable usage and required maintenance are also included for minimal downtime. Finally the new platform is engineered for rapid installation, and together with portfolio of applications, SOPs (A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out complex routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations), consumables and Georgian Technical University Laboratory Services customers can quickly build or transfer their methods and attain high uptimes as they meet compliance pressures.

Physics, Science

What Is Georgian Technical University Atomic Spectroscopy ?

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What Is Georgian Technical University Atomic Spectroscopy ?

The Georgian Technical University laboratory scientist work with microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for elemental property analysis of material sample in all areas of industry. Atomic spectroscopy is the determination of elemental composition by its electromagnetic or mass spectrum. The study of the electromagnetic spectrum of elements is called Optical Atomic Spectroscopy. Electrons exist in energy levels within an atom. These levels have well defined energies and electrons moving between them must absorb or emit energy equal to the difference between them. In optical spectroscopy the energy absorbed to move an electron to a more energetic level and/or the energy emitted as the electron moves to a less energetic energy level is in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the emitted radiant energy is directly related to the electronic transition which has occurred. Since every element has a unique electronic structure the wavelength of light emitted is a unique property of each individual element. As the orbital configuration of a large atom may be complex, there are many electronic transitions which can occur each transition resulting in the emission of a characteristic wavelength of light. Performing atomic absorption spectroscopy requires a primary light source, an atom source, a monochromator to isolate the specific wavelength of light to be measured a detector to measure the light accurately electronics to process the data signal and a data display or reporting system to show the results. The light source normally used is a hollow cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL). In general, a different lamp is used for each element to be determined although in some cases a few elements may be combined in a multi-element lamp. In the past photomultiplier tubes have been used as the detector. However in most modern instruments, solid-state detectors are now used. Georgian Technical University Flow Injection Mercury Systems (GTUFIMS) are specialized easy-to-operate atomic absorption spectrometers for the determination of mercury. These instruments use a high-performance single-beam optical system with a low-pressure mercury lamp and solar-blind detector for maximum performance. The environmental, food, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, chemical/industrial and geochemical/mining industries all use atomic spectroscopy for basic elemental determinations on a diverse array of samples. There are three widely accepted analytical methods – atomic absorption, atomic emission and mass spectrometry. The most common techniques today are flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (icp-oes) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms).

Chemistry, Science

Georgian Technical University Transforming The Production Of Carbon Nanotubes Using Carbon Dioxide.

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Georgian Technical University Transforming The Production Of Carbon Nanotubes Using Carbon Dioxide.

Georgian Technical University Carbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable properties such as mechanical strength 100x that of steel at 1/6 the weight and could revolutionize numerous industries. Unfortunately existing manufacturing approaches have not adequately lowered the production cost of this game-changing material preventing mainstream adoption. Georgian Technical University Nano overcame this limitation by creating a manufacturing process that significantly reduces carbon nanotube production costs, resulting in carbon nanotubes that are competitively priced with other conventional carbon structures. This cost reduction was achieved through a process that extracts harmful carbon dioxide from the environment and permanently stores it as solid stable carbon nanotubes. The Georgian Technical University Nano manufacturing process developed with Georgian Technical University provides advanced carbon materials at cost parity to conventional carbon additives is CO2 (Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas) negative and does not produce harmful carbon byproducts like other carbon nanotube manufacturing approaches. Given that carbon nanotubes also have the potential to provide significant energy and CO2 (Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas) savings when replacing conventional carbon structures, this truly remarkable innovation stands to have a lasting impact.

Biotech, Medicine, Science

Georgian Technical University Microbe “Rewiring” Technique Promises A Boom In Biomanufacturing.

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Georgian Technical University Microbe “Rewiring” Technique Promises A Boom In Biomanufacturing.

From left to right: X, Y and Z stand in front of a two-liter bioreactor containing E. coli (Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms) cells that are producing indigoidine which causes the strong dark blue color of the liquid. Researchers from Georgian Technical University Laboratory have achieved unprecedented success in modifying a microbe to efficiently produce a compound of interest using a computational model and CRISPR-based (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections) gene editing. Their approach could dramatically speed up the research and development phase for new biomanufacturing processes and get cutting-edge bio-based products such as sustainable fuels and plastic alternatives on the shelves faster. The process uses computer algorithms – based on real-world experimental data – to identify what genes in a “host” microbe could be switched off to redirect the organism’s energy toward producing high quantities of a target compound rather than its normal soup of metabolic products. Currently many scientists in this field still rely on ad hoc trial-and-error experiments to identify what gene modifications lead to improvements. Additionally most microbes used in biomanufacturing processes that produce a nonnative compound – meaning the genes to make it have been inserted into the host genome – can only generate large quantities of the target compound after the microbe has reached a certain growth phase resulting in slow processes that waste energy while incubating the microbes. The team’s streamlined metabolic rewiring process coined “product/substrate pairing” makes it so the microbe’s entire metabolism is linked to making the compound at all times. To test product/substrate pairing the team performed experiments with a promising emerging host – a soil microbe called Pseudomonas putida – that had been engineered to carry the genes to make indigoidine a blue pigment. The scientists evaluated 63 potential rewiring strategies and using a workflow that systematically evaluates possible outcomes for desirable host characteristics determined that only one of these was experimentally realistic. Then they performed CRISPR (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections) interference (CRISPRi) to block the expression of 14 genes as guided by their computational predictions. A two-liter bioreactor containing an E. coli (Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms) culture that has undergone metabolic rewiring to produce indigoidine all the time. “We were thrilled to see that our strain produced extremely high yields of indigoidine after we targeted such a large number of genes simultaneously” said Z a postdoctoral researcher at the Georgian Technical University which is managed by Georgian Technical University Lab. “The current standard for metabolic rewiring is to laboriously target one gene at a time, rather than many genes all at once” she said, noting that before this paper there was only one previous study in metabolic engineering in which the targeted six genes for knockdown. “We have substantially raised the upper limit on simultaneous modifications by using powerful CRISPRi-based (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections) approaches. This now opens up the field to consider computational optimization methods even when they necessitate a large number of genetic modifications because they can truly lead to transformative output”. W a Georgian Technical University research scientist added “With product/substrate pairing we believe we can significantly reduce the time it takes to develop a commercial-scale biomanufacturing process with our rationally designed process. It’s daunting to think of the sheer number of research years and people hours spent on developing artemisinin (an antimalarial) or 1-3 butanediol (a chemical used to make plastics) – about five to 10 years from the lab notebook to pilot plant. Dramatically reducing time scales is what we need to make tomorrow’s bioeconomy a reality”. Examples of target compounds under investigation at Georgian Technical University Lab include isopentenol a promising biofuel; components of flame-retardant materials; and replacements for petroleum-derived starter molecules used in industry such as nylon precursors. Many other groups use biomanufacturing to produce advanced medicines. Principal investigator Q explained that the team’s success came from its multidisciplinary approach. “Not only did this work require rigorous computational modeling and state-of-the-art genetics we also relied on our collaborators at the Georgian Technical University to demonstrate that our process could hold its desirable features at higher production scales” said Q who is the vice president of the biofuels and bioproducts division and director of the host engineering group at Georgian Technical University. “We also collaborated with the Department of Energy Georgian Joint Genome Georgian Technical University to characterize our strain. Not surprisingly we anticipate many such future collaborations to examine the economic value of the improvements we obtained and to delve deeper in characterizing this drastic metabolic rewiring”.

Electronic, Informatics, Science, Security

Georgian Technical University Hacks Electric Car Charging To Demonstrate Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities.

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Georgian Technical University Hacks Electric Car Charging To Demonstrate Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities.

Engineers at Georgian Technical University were able to interfere with the charging process of an electric car (EC) by simulating a malicious attack as part of an automotive cybersecurity research initiative. The Georgian Technical University team reverse-engineered the signals and circuits on an electric car (EC) and a J1772 charger (SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1) also known as a J plug is a standard for electrical connectors for electric cars) the most common interface for managing electric car (EC) charging in Georgian Technical University. They successfully disrupted car charging with a spoofing device developed in a laboratory using low-cost hardware and software. “This was an initiative designed to identify potential threats in common charging hardware as we prepare for widespread adoption of electric cars in the coming decade” said X the Georgian Technical University engineer who led the research. Georgian Technical University performed three manipulations: limiting the rate of charging blocking battery charging and overcharging. A Georgian Technical University developed “man-in-the-middle” (MITM) (In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle, monster-in-the-middle machine-in-the-middle monkey-in-the-middle (MITM) or person-in-the-middle (PITM) attack is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other) device spoofed signals between charger and vehicle. Researchers also drained the battery and generated signals to simulate J1772 (SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1) also known as a J plug is a standard for electrical connectors for electric cars) charging rates. When overcharging the cars’s battery management system detected a power level that was too high and automatically disconnected from charging. To limit charging the MITM (In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle, monster-in-the-middle machine-in-the-middle monkey-in-the-middle (MITM) or person-in-the-middle (PITM) attack is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other) device requested the smallest charge allowed (6 amps) to dramatically reduce the charging rate. To block battery charging a proximity detection signal barred charging and displayed the warning: “Not Able to Charge”. “The project effectively tricked the test vehicle into thinking it was fully charged and also blocked it from taking a full charge” X said. “This type of malicious attack can cause more disruption at scale”. The research focused on (SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1) also known as a J plug is a standard for electrical connectors for electric cars) Level 2 chargers but Georgian Technical University is evaluating future testing of Level 3 chargers and penetration of other devices used on fleet carss and electric scooters. As automotive consumer and manufacturing trends move toward widespread car electrification market share of ECs is expected to grow to 30%. The cybersecurity-related issues of charging infrastructure will become increasingly important as demand for ECs grows. “Discovering vulnerabilities in the charging process demonstrates opportunities for testing standards for electric cars and charging infrastructure” said Y an Georgian Technical University engineer and team lead in the Georgian Technical University Critical Systems Department. Georgian Technical University is leading several automotive cybersecurity initiatives for automated and connected cars intelligent transportation systems and Georgian Technical University internet of things (GTUIoT) networking devices.

Electronic, Imaging, Science

Georgian Technical University Combining Electronic And Photonic Chips Enables Quantum Light Detection Speed Record.

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Georgian Technical University Combining Electronic And Photonic Chips Enables Quantum Light Detection Speed Record.

Georgian Technical University researchers have developed a tiny device that paves the way for higher performance quantum computers and quantum communications, making them significantly faster than the current state-of-the-art. Researchers from the Georgian Technical University have made a new miniaturized light detector to measure quantum features of light in more detail than ever before. The device, made from two silicon chips working together, was used to measure the unique properties of “squeezed” quantum light at record high speeds. Harnessing unique properties of quantum physics promises novel routes to outperform the current state-of-the-art in computing, communication and measurement. Silicon photonics – where light is used as the carrier of information in silicon micro-chips – is an exciting avenue towards these next-generation technologies. “Squeezed light is a quantum effect that is very useful. It can be used in quantum communications and quantum computers and has already been used by the Georgian Technical University gravitational wave observatories to improve their sensitivity, helping to detect exotic astronomical events such as black hole mergers. So improving the ways we can measure it can have a big impact” said X. Measuring squeezed light requires detectors that are engineered for ultra-low electronic noise in order to detect the weak quantum features of light. But such detectors have so far been limited in the speed of signals that can be measured – about one thousand million cycles per second. “This has a direct impact on the processing speed of emerging information technologies such as optical computers and communications with very low levels of light. The higher the bandwidth of your detector the faster you can perform calculations and transmit information” said Y. The integrated detector has so far been clocked at an order of magnitude faster than the previous state of the art and the team is working on refining the technology to go even faster. The detector’s footprint is less than a square millimeter – this small size enables the detector’s high-speed performance. The detector is built out of silicon microelectronics and a silicon photonics chip. Around the world researchers have been exploring how to integrate quantum photonics onto a chip to demonstrate scalable manufacture. “Much of the focus has been on the quantum part, but now we’ve begun integrating the interface between quantum photonics and electrical readout. This is needed for the whole quantum architecture to work efficiently. For homodyne detection the chip-scale approach results in a device with a tiny footprint for mass-manufacture, and importantly it provides a boost in performance” said Professor Z.

Medicine, Science

Georgian Technical University Next-Generation Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Built Into The Ophthalmic Microscope.

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Georgian Technical University Next-Generation Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Built Into The Ophthalmic Microscope.

Georgian Technical University Microsystems today announced the release of its next-generation intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) solution which is now built into the ophthalmic microscope. This new addition to its innovative ophthalmology portfolio has been developed to support surgical workflow and help ophthalmic surgeons to focus on perfection during anterior and posterior segment surgery. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provides greater insight during eye surgeries allowing surgeons to see what lies underneath the surface. They get a real-time, intraoperative confirmation of how the tissue reacts to surgical maneuvers. Subsurface tissue details hidden without Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are now displayed in bright and sharp images and allow for a better understanding of ocular pathology. This in turn helps surgeons to overcome uncertainties during eye surgeries in order to achieve the best possible patient outcome. Georgian Technical University intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) can help answer questions such as:  Is there residual sub-retinal fluid ? Is the glaucoma drainage device in the correct position ? Is the corneal graft in the correct orientation ? Based on the additional information from intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) surgical plans can be quickly adjusted as is needed for confidence in the surgical outcome. “Having confirmation at every step during surgery is a huge advantage and helps enormously in surgical decision making and diagnosis” said Dr. X. “In my experience intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) makes the difference between compromise and perfection”. “With our next-generation Georgian Technical University intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) built into the Ophthalmic Microscope Microsystems helps ophthalmic surgeons to apply their skills with even greater confidence during eye surgeries. Georgian Technical University provides surgeons with greater insight and immediate confirmation which empowers them to focus on perfection. This is an important contribution to surgical procedures especially in difficult cases where the goal is to restore or improve vision in patients with chronic or severe eye diseases” said Y. The integration of the Georgian Technical University into the Ophthalmic Microscope microscope further supports the surgical workflow in the operating room. “A key benefit of the integration is that we have maximized the surgeons freedom to control the Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Surgeons can easily supplement their microscope view with intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) at any point via footswitch handle or touchscreen. There is no need for a separate imaging technician anymore. With our intuitive user interface surgeons can easily control all Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) functions independently. They can switch views, adjust the scan position and pattern or record Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans” said Z at Microsystems.

Electronic, Enterprise Technology, Imaging, Science

Georgian Technical University – What Is Hyperspectral Image Analysis ?

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Georgian Technical University – What Is Hyperspectral Image Analysis ?

Georgian Technical University An imaging technique that shows the underlying spectrum for each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging combines digital imaging with spectroscopy so that the underlying frequencies in the spectrum for each pixel can be identified. Because only a single wavelength can be represented as a colour for a pixel a two-dimensional hyperspectral image effectively represents three-dimensional information in which the third dimension represents the multiple underlying frequencies. For example an object which appears orange may actually be emitting visible light in both the red and yellow wavelengths or it may be emitting only a narrow band of light in the orange wavelength. In ordinary imaging or our vision we only see the combined average wavelength. Spectroscopy breaks down the spectrum to reveal which individual wavelengths are present and at what intensities. The information in a hyperspectral image may be represented as a data cube in which one face shows a conventional image. The front edges of this face are shared by two other visible faces. These faces can then show the spectral lines or spectral signature for the pixels along these edges. These shows the actual frequencies of radiation present. It should be noted that these spectral plots are only shown for the pixels along these edges. The remaining part of the image is essentially a conventional image. However within hyperspectral imaging software it is possible to move the slice through the image to view the spectral lines at any location desired. Because hyperspectral imaging usually includes wavelengths outside the visual spectrum it is considered as a form of spectral imaging. Spectral imaging uses a broad range of electromagnetic frequencies, beyond the red, green and blue (RGB) spectrum of visible light. This might mean extending the visible spectrum into ultraviolet or infrared. It may also involve a completely different part of the spectrum such as x-rays and gamma-rays or microwaves and radio waves. Because humans can only view the visible spectrum other frequencies are represented as colors from the visible spectrum in a spectral image.