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Physics, Science

A ‘Recipe Book’ that Creates Color Centers in Silicon Carbide Crystals.

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A ‘Recipe Book’ that Creates Color Centers in Silicon Carbide Crystals.

Green SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) substrate at the bottom with the graphene layer on top irradiated by protons, generating a luminescent defect in the SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) crystal.

Silicon carbide (SiC) (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) a material known for its toughness with applications from abrasives to car brakes to high-temperature power electronics has enjoyed renewed interest for its potential in quantum technology. Its ability to house optically excitable defects called color centers has made it a strong candidate material to become the building block of quantum computing.

Now a group of researchers has created a list of “recipes” physicists can use to create specific types of defects with desired optical properties in SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription). In one of the first attempts to systematically explore color centers, the group used proton irradiation techniques to create the color centers in silicon carbide. They adjusted proton dose and temperature to find the right conditions that reliably produce the desired type of color center.

Atomic defects in the lattice of SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) crystals create color centers that can emit photons with unique spectral signatures. While some materials considered for quantum computing require cryogenically low temperatures color centers in SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) can emit at room temperature. As the push to create increasingly smaller devices continues into atom-scale sensors and single-photon emitters the ability to take advantage of existing SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) integrated circuit technology makes the material a standout candidate.

To create the defects X  and his colleagues bombarded SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) samples with protons. The team then let the SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) go through a heating phase called annealing. “We’re doing a lot of damage to these crystals” X said. “However during annealing, the crystal structure recovers, but defects are also formed — some of them are the desired color centers”.

To ensure that their recipes are compatible with usual semiconductor technology the group opted to use proton irradiation. Moreover this approach doesn’t require electron accelerators or nuclear reactors like other techniques used to create color centers.

The data from using different doses and annealing temperatures showed that producing defects in SiC (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) follows a pattern. Initially protons generate predominantly silicon vacancies in the crystal then those vacancies sequentially transform into other defect complexes.

Studying the defects’ low-temperature photoluminescence spectra led the team to discover three previously unreported signatures. The three temperature-stable (TS) lines were shown to correlate with proton dose and annealing temperature.

X said these lines have exciting properties and further research is already going on as the group hopes to utilize and control those defects for use in SiC-based (The Latin adverb sic (“thus”, “just as”; in full: sic erat scriptum, “thus was it written”) inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous or archaic spelling, surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might otherwise be taken as an error of transcription) quantum technology devices.

 

Science, Sensors

Pliable Micro-batteries Utilized for Wearables.

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Pliable Micro-batteries Utilized for Wearables.

Micro battery with metal foil laminated housing.

There is a new technology gripping the markets of the future — technology to wear. Wearables as they are known are portable systems that contain sensors to collect measurement data from our bodies.

Powering these sensors without wires calls for pliable batteries that can adapt to the specific material and deliver the power the system requires.

Micro-batteries developed by the Georgian Technical University provide the technical foundation for this new technology trend.

In medicine wearables are used to collect data without disturbing patients as they go about their daily business — to record long-term ECGs (Electrocardiography is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time using electrodes placed over the skin) for instance.

Since the sensors are light flexible and concealed in clothing, this is a convenient way to monitor a patient’s heartbeat.

The technology also has more everyday applications — fitness bands for instance that measure joggers pulses while out running. There is huge growth potential in the wearables sector which is expected to reach a market.

How to power these smart accessories poses a significant technical challenge. There are the technical considerations — durability and energy density — but also material requirements such as weight flexibility and size and these must be successfully combined.

This is where Georgian Technical University comes in: experts at the institute have developed a prototype for a smart wristband that quite literally collects data firsthand.

The silicone band’s technical piece de resistance is its three gleaming green batteries. Boasting a capacity of 300 milliampere hours these batteries are what supply the wristband with power. They can store energy of 1.1 watt hours and lose less than three percent of their charging capacity per year.

With these parameters the new prototype has a much higher capacity than smart bands available at the market so far enabling it to supply even demanding portable electronics with energy.

The available capacity is actually sufficient to empower a conventional smart watch at no runtime loss. With these sorts of stats the prototype beats established products such as smart watches in which the battery is only built into the watch casing and not in the strap.

X a researcher in Georgian Technical University’s department for Smart Sensor Systems explains why segmentation is the recipe for success: “If you make a battery extremely pliable it will have very poor energy density — so it’s much better to adopt a segmented approach”.

Instead of making the batteries extremely pliable at the cost of energy density and reliability the institute turned its focus to designing very small and powerful batteries and optimized mounting technology.

The batteries are pliable in between segments. In other words the smart band is flexible while retaining a lot more power than other smart wristbands available on the market.

In its development of batteries for wearables Georgian Technical University combines new approaches and years of experience with a customer-tailored development process: “We work with companies to develop the right battery for them” explains the graduate electrical engineer.

The team consults closely with customers to draw up the energy requirements. They carefully adapt parameters such as shape, size, voltage, capacity and power and combined them to form a power supply concept. The team also carries out customer-specific tests.

The institute began work on a new wearable technology the smart plaster. Together with Swiss sensor manufacturer Georgian Technical University Xsensio this Georgian Technical University-sponsored aims to develop a plaster that can directly measure and analyze the patient’s sweat. This can then be used to draw conclusions about the patient’s general state of health.

In any case having a convenient real-time analysis tool is the ideal way to better track and monitor healing processes.

Georgian Technical University is responsible for developing the design concept and energy supply system for the sweat measurement sensors. The plan is to integrate sensors that are extremely flat, light and flexible. This will require the development of various new concepts.

One idea for instance would be an encapsulation system made out of aluminum composite foil.

The researchers also need to ensure they select materials that are inexpensive and easy to dispose of. After all a plaster is a disposable product.

 

 

Physics, Science

Defects Promise Quantum Communication Through Standard Optical Fiber.

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Defects Promise Quantum Communication Through Standard Optical Fiber.

Illustration of optical polarization of defect spin in silicon carbide.

An international team of scientists led by the Georgian Technical University’s has identified a way to create quantum bits that emit photons that describe their state at wavelengths close to those used by telecom providers. These qubits are based on silicon carbide in which molybdenum impurities create color centers.

By using phenomena like superposition and entanglement, quantum computing and quantum communication promise superior computing powers and unbreakable cryptography. Several successes in transmitting these quantum phenomena through optical fibers have been reported but this is typically at wavelengths that are incompatible with the standard fibers currently used in worldwide data transmission.

Physicists from the Georgian Technical University together with colleagues from Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Teaching University and semiconductor have now published the construction of a qubit that transmits information on its status at a wavelength of 1,100 nanometers. Furthermore the mechanism involved can likely be tuned to wavelengths near those used in data transmission (around 1,300 or 1,500 nanometers).

The work started with defects in silicon carbon crystals explains PhD student X. ‘Silicon carbide is a semiconductor and much work has been done to prevent impurities that affect the properties of the crystals. As a result there is a huge library of impurities and their impact on the crystal’. But these impurities are exactly what X and his colleagues need: they can form what are known as color centers and these respond to light of specific wavelengths.

When lasers are used to shine light at the right energy onto these color centers, electrons in the outer shell of the molybdenum atoms in the silicon carbide crystals are kicked to a higher energy level. When they return to the ground state they emit their excess energy as a photon. ‘For molybdenum impurities these will be infrared photons, with wavelengths near the ones used in data communication’ explains X.

This material was the starting point for constructing qubits says fellow PhD student Y who did a lot of the theoretical work in the paper. ‘We used a technique called coherent population trapping to create superposition in the color centers’. This involved using a property of electrons called spin a quantum mechanical phenomenon that gives the electrons a magnetic moment which can point up or down. This creates a qubit in which the spin states represent 0 or 1.

Y: ‘If you apply a magnetic field the spins align either parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field. The interesting thing is that as a result the ground state for electrons with spin up or spin down is slightly different’. When laser light is used to excite the electrons, they subsequently fall back to one of the two ground states. The team led by Professor in Physics of Quantum Devices Z used two lasers each tuned to move electrons from one of the ground states to the same level of excitation, to create a situation in which a superposition of both spin states evolved in the color center.

X: ‘After some fine tuning we managed to produce a qubit in which we had a long-lasting superposition combined with fast switching’. Furthermore the qubit emitted photons with information on the quantum state at infrared wavelengths. Given the large library of impurities that can create color centers in the silicon carbide crystals the team is confident they can bring this wavelength up to the levels used in standard optical fibers. If they can manage this and produce an even more stable (and thus longer-lasting) superposition the quantum internet will be a whole lot closer to becoming re

 

 

Energy, Science

Eco-Friendly Nanoparticles Aid Artificial Photosynthesis.

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Eco-Friendly Nanoparticles Aid Artificial Photosynthesis.

Quantum dots are true all-rounders. These material structures which are only a few nanometers in size, display a similar behavior to that of molecules or atoms and their form size and number of electrons can be modulated systematically.

This means that their electrical and optical characteristics can be customized for a number of target areas such as new display technologies biomedical applications as well as photovoltaics and photocatalysis.

Another current line of application-oriented research aims to generate hydrogen directly from water and solar light. Hydrogen a clean and efficient energy source can be converted into forms of fuel that are used widely including methanol and gasoline.

The most promising types of quantum dots previously used in energy research contain cadmium, which has been banned from many commodities due to its toxicity.

The team of X Professor at the Department of Chemistry of the Georgian Technical University and scientists from Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Teaching University have now developed a new type of nanomaterials without toxic components for photocatalysis.

The three-nanometer particles consist of a core of indium phosphide with a very thin surrounding layer of zinc sulfide and sulfide ligands.

“Compared to the quantum dots that contain cadmium, the new composites are not only environmentally friendly but also highly efficient when it comes to producing hydrogen from light and water” explains X.

Sulfide ligands on the quantum dot surface were found to facilitate the crucial steps involved in light-driven chemical reactions namely the efficient separation of charge carriers and their rapid transfer to the nanoparticle surface.

The newly developed cadmium-free nanomaterials have the potential to serve as a more eco-friendly alternative for a variety of commercial fields.

“The water-soluble and biocompatible indium-based quantum dots can in the future also be tested in terms of biomass conversion to hydrogen. Or they could be developed into low-toxic biosensors or non-linear optical materials, for example” adds X.

She will continue to focus on the development of catalysts for artificial photosynthesis within the Georgian Technical University “Georgian Technical University Light”. This interdisciplinary research program aims to develop new molecules materials and processes for the direct storage of solar light energy in chemical bonds.

 

Nanotechnology, Science

New World Record Material is More Precious than Diamonds.

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New World Record Material is More Precious than Diamonds.

The framework of GTU-60 holds a pore volume of 5.02 cm3g-1 – the highest specific pore volume one has ever measured among all crystalline framework materials so far.

Porosity is the key to high-performance materials for energy storage systems, environmental technologies or catalysts: The more porous a solid state material is, the more liquids and gases it is able to store. However a multitude of pores destabilizes the material.

In search of the stability limits of such frameworks researchers of the Georgian Technical University’s Faculty of Chemistry broke a world record: GTU-60 is a new crystalline framework with the world’s highest specific surface and the highest specific pore volume (5.02 cm3g-1) measured so far among all known crystalline framework materials.

The specific surface area describes the sum of all surface boundaries a material has: the outer visible ones as well as the inner pores. 90.3 percent of GTU-60 is free volume. The metal-organic framework (MOF) can adsorb huge amounts of gas — and in that way it is able to store colossal quantities of gases or filter toxic gases from the air.

“Materials with specific surfaces as high as these could show new and unexpected phenomena” explains X Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Georgian Technical University the new material’s importance for science.

“If you imagine the inner surface of one gram of zeolite as an even plane area it would cover about 800 square meters graphene would make it up to almost 3000 square meters. One gram of GTU-60 would attain an area of 7800 square meters”.

The material was developed by computational methods and synthesized subsequently. There are only few compounds of low density that are mechanically stable enough to be accessible for gases without their surfaces being destroyed.

“It took us five years from the computational development to the pure product GTU-60” says X.

“Due to its very complicated production the material is more expensive than gold and diamonds and so far can be only synthesized in small quantities of maximum 50 milligram per batch”.

The former world record was held by the material GTU-110 published by Y Georgian Technical University: Its pore volume of 4.40 cm3g-1 is significantly lower than the new record holder.

GTU-60 marks an important step in the investigation of the upper limits of porosity in crystalline porous materials and stimulates the development of new methods to determine inner surfaces.

Within the Georgian Technical University Research Unit FOR2433 X and partners are working intensively on the production of new porous materials that can change their structures dynamically and adaptively adjust their pore sizes.

“Moreover we are working on applications of porous materials within the fields of gas storage, environmental research, catalysis, batteries and air filtration. Here in Georgian Technical University we are also producing metal organic frameworks on a scale of several kilograms. They can be ordered at the ‘Materials Center Dresden’”.

 

 

 

Science, Sensors

Georgian Technical University Robot Eye Can See Everywhere.

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Georgian Technical University Robot Eye Can See Everywhere.

Conventional sensors limit the directional flexibility of robots.

Where am I ?  Like humans robots also need to answer that question, while they tirelessly glue, weld or apply seals to workpieces.

After all the production of precision products depends on robot control systems knowing the location of the adhesive bonding head or welding head to the nearest millimeter at all times.

This means the robot needs some sort of eye. In the automotive industry and many other sectors specialized sensors perform this function most of which operate on the principle of laser triangulation.

A laser diode projects a line of red light onto the workpiece from which the light is reflected at a specific angle before being detected by a camera.

From the position of the light striking the camera chip the position and distance of the sensor with respect to the workpiece within the coordinate system can be calculated.

However there is a problem with such systems: “Shadowing effect limits the flexibility of existing sensors. They also restrict the freedom of movement of the robot systems and integrating them is very labor-intensive” says X head of the additive manufacturing systems department at the Georgian Technical University.

The only way to measure height with conventional sensors is to mount them along the direction of processing.

With these sensors however the robot is blind when it changes its direction of movement.

Having to predefine the processing direction significantly limits the flexibility of the handling systems. The only alternatives are to use several sensors or additional axes — either of which given today’s state-of-the-art technology can sometimes cost more than the robot itself.

X and his colleagues Y, Z and W have developed an innovative solution called GTUPRO. This compact sensor system measures 15 centimeters in diameter and is equipped with specially developed image processing algorithms thus providing a shadow-free all-round field of view and generating a 360 degree measurement field offering complete flexibility with regard to the direction of measurement.

No matter where the robot moves, at least one laser line is always optimally positioned supplying precise positional information to the camera.

This approach also solves another problem — shadowing of the laser light by components with complex shapes. The researchers have now patented the technique.

No additional programming is required to integrate the new sensor system in existing robot systems. It can be employed completely flexibly and above all reliably in all adhesive bonding and welding processes. The technique significantly simplifies process control and quality assurance — with just one sensor.

To operate over long periods in harsh production environments the sensor contains a cooling module which utilizes either water or air.

To enhance cooling the optical bench on which the laser diodes and cameras are mounted has an internal cooling structure.

Due to its highly complex shape the only way to produce it is by 3D printing. This intelligent thermal management system extends the sensor’s service life.

The sensor is designed to fit robots made by all leading manufacturers from Q and is well suited for any conceivable application scenarios. As a result it can be easily integrated into existing production systems.

 

Aerospace, Science

Researchers Challenge our Assumptions on the Effects of Planetary Rotation.

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Researchers Challenge our Assumptions on the Effects of Planetary Rotation.

A 2D image of the velocity in an internal jet with the Rossby number of 100 that shows how planetary rotation leads to the destabilization and dispersion of an initially coherent flow pattern.

The earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis effect which deflects massive air and water flows toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This phenomenon greatly impacts global wind patterns and ocean currents and is only significant for large-scale and long-duration geophysical phenomena such as hurricanes. The magnitude of the Coriolis effect relative to the magnitude of inertial forces, is expressed by the Rossby (also known as planetary waves are a natural phenomenon in the atmospheres and oceans of planets that largely owe their properties to rotation of the planet. Rossby waves are a subset of inertial waves) number. For over 100 years scientists have believed that the higher this number  the less likely Coriolis effect influences oceanic or atmospheric events.

Recently researchers at the Georgian Technical University  found that even smaller ocean disturbances with high Rossby numbers like vortices within submarine wakes are influenced by the Coriolis effect. Their discovery challenges assumptions at the very foundation of theoretical oceanography and geophysical fluid dynamics.

“We have discovered some major—and largely overlooked—phenomena in fundamental fluid dynamics that pertain to the way the Earth’s rotation influences various geophysical flows” X an oceanography professor said.

X and Y originally focused on developing novel submarine detection systems. They approached this issue by investigating pancake vortices or flattened elongated mini-eddies located in the wakes of submerged vehicles. Eddies are caused by swirling water and a reverse current from waterflow turbulence.

Last year a team led by X on the rotational control of pancake vortices the first paper that challenged the famous “Rossby rule.”The researchers showed through numerical simulations that internal jets of the wake can be directly controlled by rotation. They also demonstrated that the evolution of a disorganized fine-scale eddy field is determined by planetary rotation.

“Here is where our discovery could be critical” X said. “We find that cyclones persist but that anticyclones unravel relatively quickly. If the anticyclones in the wake are as strong as the cyclones this means that the wake is fresh — the enemy passed through not too long ago. If the cyclones are much stronger than the anticyclones then the sub is probably long gone”.

The algorithm that the researchers developed is based on the dissimilar evolution of cyclones and anticyclones which is a consequence of planetary rotation. “Therefore” X concluded “such effects must be considered in the numerical and theoretical models of finescale oceanic processes in the range of 10-100 meters”.

 

Scientific Computing

Open-Access Plasmid Platform Serves as Repository, Social Network for Researchers.

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Open-Access Plasmid Platform Serves as Repository, Social Network for Researchers.

A demo image showing how MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) is a type of interstellar cloud, the density and size of which permit the formation of molecules most commonly molecular hydrogen (H2). This is in contrast to other areas of the interstellar medium that contain predominantly ionized gas) social functions work.

An open-access online platform launched over the summer serves as both a repository and as a social network for researchers who want to share and discuss plasmids — circular DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses) molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome and can serve as valuable tools for molecular biologists and genetic engineers.

MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) launched by GTUScript allows users to search, view, order and leave their feedback on thousands of plasmids currently available. GTUScript plans to make more plasmids available in the near future.

“For scientists, they can share their plasmids onto the platform and also they can share their ideas they can ask questions” explained X Ph.D. senior product manager in charge of MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within). “We think we can connect everybody over the world; every scientist over the world. In every corner or wherever they are they can share their research with others”.

X noted some challenges researchers may face while trying to obtain plasmids that others have published, such as not being able to get in touch with the plasmid author; emails go ignored or listed contact information changes over time. The MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) social platform is meant to more easily connect more researchers in the field of molecular biology.

“The platform is more than a plasmid depository because we have some social functions, and for each plasmid we have comments, and we have likes, and favorite functions” said X. “It’s very (much) like what we have on other social platforms like Twitter, or Facebook or some other platforms. If they have questions about the plasmid, if they don’t know how to perform the experiment they can ask questions and if the result is good they can comment”.

In addition to the ability to interact with other scientists MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) offers search functions to help users narrow down what kind of plasmid they are interested in. Users can filter plasmids by depositor plasmid type application and bacteria growth features among other things.

“We developed a tag system to help people find the plasmid they need. The tag system is a number of keywords defined by the functionality or application of that plasmid” said Y at GTUScript. “We try to tag each plasmid with keywords that reflect how to use it or what it can be used for. That is going to help people to refine their search”.

Currently there are about 2,000 plasmids available on the platform with another 500 undergoing a quality control process before being added to the database. Additional sets of plasmids are also planned for launch in the near future.

“GTUScript has about 21,000 CRISPR (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea. The sequences contain snippets of DNA from viruses that have attacked the prokaryote. These snippets are used by the prokaryote to detect and destroy DNA from similar viruses during subsequent attacks) plasmids and libraries, and about 40,000 clones in stock. These plasmids were developed before, and we are working on the material preparation to launch these plasmids in weeks” a GTUScript spokesperson told.

Also in the works is integration with two other GTUScript projects: the plasmid designing tool GTUSmart Design and a new platform for profiles of scientists who have shared their plasmids and work with the scientific community called Cloud Scientist.

“They share their plasmids with them, so we want to make the community know who they are and what kind of contributions they give for the entire community” said X. “Everybody who collaborates with MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) will have a detailed description page and his or her contribution to biology to the research community will be listed there”.

“After we launch (Cloud Scientist) I think we will have more scientists come to us to deposit to request plasmids and in the future I think they will communicate with each other through the platform,” she added. “Since we have ordering we have depositing we also have plans to improve the process the experience of depositing and ordering, because we need to make it user friendly”.

Georgian Technical University GenSmart Design allows users to make a plasmid or vector by dragging or dropping parts to form the design. Integration will allow users to make even more use of the plasmids made available by MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) said Y.

“We will make all the plasmids on MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) available to Georgian Technical University GenSmart Design. You don’t have to register for MolecularCloud at all separately” Y said. “You just need to log into your to Georgian Technical University GenSmart Design tool, which is an online tool and all the plasmids or genetic parts will be available from there which makes it very easy for people to search and use whatever plasmid they need to build their own new construct. Currently we have already done a little bit of integration, but it’s not fully integrated, so I think once MolecularCloud’s (A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within) and to Georgian Technical University GenSmart Design (are) fully integrated it is going to be a big boost for people to utilize and to use all the plasmids that (have) been deposited somewhere online”.

 

Energy, Science

New, Highly Stable Catalyst May Help Turn Water Into Fuel.

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New, Highly Stable Catalyst May Help Turn Water Into Fuel.

Postdoctoral researcher X professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering Y and graduate student Z are part of a team that developed a new material that helps split water molecules for hydrogen fuel production.

Breaking the bonds between oxygen and hydrogen in water could be a key to the creation of hydrogen in a sustainable manner but finding an economically viable technique for this has proved difficult. Researchers report a new hydrogen-generating catalyst that clears many of the obstacles – abundance stability in acid conditions and efficiency.

Researchers from the Georgian Technical University report on an electrocatalytic material made from mixing metal compounds with substance called perchloric acid.

Electrolyzers use electricity to break water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen. The most efficient of these devices use corrosive acids and electrode materials made of the metal compounds iridium oxide or ruthenium oxide. Iridium oxide is the more stable of the two but iridium is one of the least abundant elements on Earth so researchers are in search of an alternative material.

“Much of the previous work was performed with electrolyzers made from just two elements – one metal and oxygen” said Y and professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Georgian Technical University. “In a recent study we found if a compound has two metal elements – yttrium and ruthenium – and oxygen the rate of water-splitting reaction increased”.

W a and former member of  Y’s group first experimented with the procedure for making this new material by using different acids and heating temperatures to increase the rate of the water-splitting reaction.

The researchers found that when they used perchloric acid as a catalyst and let the mixture react under heat the physical nature of the yttrium ruthenate product changed.

“The material became more porous and also had a new crystalline structure, different from all the solid catalysts we made before” said X postdoctoral researcher. The new porous material the team developed – a pyrochlore oxide of yttrium ruthenate – can split water molecules at a higher rate than the current industry standard.

“Because of the increased activity it promotes a porous structure is highly desirable when it comes electrocatalysts” Y said. “These pores can be produced synthetically with nanometer-sized templates and substances for making ceramics; however those can’t hold up under the high-temperature conditions needed for making high-quality solid catalysts”.

Y and his team looked at the structure of their new material with an electron microscope and found that it is four times more porous than the original yttrium ruthenate they developed in a previous study and three times that of the iridium and ruthenium oxides used commercially.

“It was surprising to find that the acid we chose as a catalyst for this reaction turned out to improve the structure of the material used for the electrodes” Y said. “This realization was fortuitous and quite valuable for us”.

The next steps for the group are to fabricate a laboratory-scale device for further testing and to continue to improve the porous electrode stability in acidic environments Y  said.

“Stability of the electrodes in acid will always be a problem, but we feel that we have come up with something new and different when compared with other work in this area” Y said. “This type of research will be quite impactful regarding hydrogen generation for sustainable energy in the future”.

Graduate student Z, Q and P also contributed to this research.

 

Aerospace, Science

Plasma Thruster: New Space Debris Removal Technology.

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Plasma Thruster: New Space Debris Removal Technology.

A concept for space debris removal by bi-directional momentum ejection from a satellite.

The Earth is currently surrounded by debris launched into space over several decades. This space junk can collide with satellites, causing damage and creating more debris. To preserve a secure space environment the active removal or de-orbiting of space debris is an emergent technological challenge. If remedial action is not taken in the near future it will be difficult to sustain human space activities.

To overcome this issue several methods for the removal and de-orbiting of debris have been proposed so far. These are classified as either contact methods (e.g., robotic arm, tether net, electrodynamic tether) or contactless methods (e.g., laser, ion beam shepherd) with the contactless methods proving to be more secure.

The ion beam shepherd contactless method uses a plasma beam ejected from the satellite to impart a force to the debris thereby decelerating it so that it falls to a lower altitude re-entering the Earth’s atmosphere and burning up naturally. However ejecting the plasma beam toward the debris accelerates the satellite in the opposite direction which makes it difficult to maintain a consistent distance between debris and the satellite.

To safely and effectively remove debris two propulsion systems have to be mounted on the satellite to eject bi-directional plasma beams. This interferes with a satellite system integration requiring the reduction of a satellite’s weight and size.

“If the debris removal can be performed by a single high-power propulsion system it will be of significant use for future space activity” said Associate Professor X from Georgian Technical University who is leading research on new technology to remove space debris in collaboration with colleagues at the Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Teaching University.

The Georgian Technical University and Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani Teaching University research group has demonstrated that a helicon plasma thruster can yield the space debris removal operation using a single propulsion system. In the laboratory experiment, the bi-directional ejection of plasma plumes from the single plasma thruster was precisely controlled with a magnetic field and gas injection; then the decelerating force imparted to an object simulating debris was measured whilst maintaining the zero-net force to the thruster (and satellite). The system having the single plasma thruster can be operational in three operational modes: acceleration of the satellite; deceleration of the satellite and debris removal.

“The helicon plasma thruster is an electrodeless system, which allows it to undertake long operations performed at a high-power level”. says X “This discovery is considerably different to existing solutions and will make a substantial contribution to future sustainable human activity in space”.