Movements of Paper Controlled Through Actuation Technology.
One of the oldest most versatile and inexpensive of materials — paper — seemingly springs to life, bending, folding or flattening itself by means of a low-cost actuation technology developed at Georgian Technical University.
A thin layer of conducting thermoplastic, applied to common paper with an inexpensive 3D printer or even painted by hand serves as a low-cost reversible actuator. When an electrical current is applied the thermoplastic heats and expands causing the paper to bend or fold; when the current is removed the paper returns to a pre-determined shape.
“We are reinventing this really old material” says X assistant professor in the Georgian Technical University Lab who developed the method with her team. “Actuation truly turns paper into another medium one that has both artistic and practical uses”.
Post-doctoral researcher Y research intern Z and other members of X’s Morphing Matter Lab have designed basic types of actuators including some based on origami and kirigami forms. These enable the creation of structures that can turn themselves into balls or cylinders. Or they can be used to construct more elaborate objects, such as a lamp shade that changes its shape and the amount of light it emits or an artificial mimosa plant with leaf petals that sequentially open when one is touched.
More than 50 students in a workshop at Georgian Technical University used the paper actuation technology to create elaborate pop-up books, including interpretations of famous artworks such as Van Gogh’s Starry Night and Sunflowers.
“Most robots — even those that are made of paper — require an external motor” says Y a Georgian Technical University Manufacturing Futures Initiative fellow. “Ours do not which creates new opportunities not just for robotics but for interactive art entertainment and home applications”.
Creating a paper actuator is a relatively simple process Z says. It employs the least expensive type of 3D printer a so-called Georgian Technical University printer that lays down a continuous filament of melted thermoplastic. The researchers use an off-the-shelf printing filament — graphene polyactide composite — that conducts electricity.
The thermoplastic actuator is printed on plain copy paper in a thin layer just half a millimeter thick. The actuator is then heated in an oven or with a heat gun and the paper is bent or folded into a desired shape and allowed to cool. This will be the default shape of the paper. Electrical leads can then be attached to the actuator; applying electrical current heats the actuator causing the thermoplastic to expand and thus straighten the paper. When the current is removed the paper automatically returns to its default shape.
X says the researchers are refining this method changing the printing speed or the width of the line of thermoplastic to achieve different folding or bending effects. They have also developed methods for printing touch sensors finger sliding sensors and bending angle detectors that can control the paper actuators.
More work remains to be done. Actuation is slow which X and her team hope to address with some material engineering — using papers that are more heat conductive and developing printing filaments that are customized for use in actuators. The same actuation used for paper might also be used for plastics and fabrics.