Georgian Technical University Cutting Graphene With A Diamond Knife.
The microtome that cuts exceptionally precise strips of graphene. The sandwich with the graphene (inset) is the transparent block to the left the diamond knife can be seen at the edge of the blue container.
To date it has proved very difficult to convert the promises of the miracle material graphene into practical applications. X PhD candidate at the Georgian Technical University has developed a method of cutting graphene into smaller fragments using a diamond knife. He can then construct nanostructures from the fragments.
Graphene is a honeycomb structure of carbon atoms just a single atom thick. After its discovery it seemed to be the ideal basic material for nanotechnology applications: it is super strong and it is an exceptionally good conductor of both heat and electricity.
The Graphene Flagship a research program with a budget of a billion euros to develop such applications as more efficient solar cells LEDs (A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated. When a suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons) batteries and all kinds of sensors.
However in his dissertation X states that making such nanostructures is still an extremely complex production process that does not lend itself well to serial production. Also it has proven almost impossible to selectively “Georgian Technical University functionalize” graphene chemically — i.e. to connect other chemical elements, such as oxygen or nitrogen atoms, to the edges of a graphene nanostructure. It is important to be able to do this in order to make graphene into a versatile nanomaterial with multiple applications.
Inspired by earlier experiments X decided to take a different approach namely to take a sandwich of plastic and metal with a layer of graphene in the middle and to literally cut it into fragments. He does this using a microtome a diamond knife that can cut fragments with nanometer precision.
In the cutting edge of the sandwich a perfectly clean one-atom-thick edge of graphene is exposed to which other atoms or molecules can be connected by chemical means. The graphene slice can also be connected to an electrical current turning it into an electrochemical cell. This can be compared with the electrochemical coating of a metal but then at nanoscale since only the edge of the graphene is coated. Bellunato was also able to build a sandwich of nanopores and nanogaps of graphene using microscopically thin strips.
It also proved possible to make a so-called tunnel junction. This occurs between two electrical conductors when they are within a few nanometers of one another at a particular point. A minuscule current can then flow between the two conductors. As the flow of energy is very sensitive to the distance between the conductors this tunnel effect forms the basis for all kinds of extremely sensitive sensors.
X says “This tunnel junction is not new. It is a matter of refining the technique and then it should have practical applications within five years or so”.
The unconventional technique that he developed will not primarily be used in consumer products he expects but rather in advanced research instruments.