Monthly Archives: November 2020

Chemistry, Electronic, Informatics, Physics, Science

Georgian Technical University Thermo Scientific Tundra Cryo-TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy Is A Microscopy Technique In Which A Beam Of Electrons Is Transmitted Through A Specimen To Form An Image. The Specimen Is Most Often An Ultrathin Section Less Than 100 NM Thick Or A Suspension On A Grid) Democratizes Cryo-Electron Microscopy.

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Georgian Technical University Thermo Scientific Tundra Cryo-TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy Is A Microscopy Technique In Which A Beam Of Electrons Is Transmitted Through A Specimen To Form An Image. The Specimen Is Most Often An Ultrathin Section Less Than 100 NM Thick Or A Suspension On A Grid) Democratizes Cryo-Electron Microscopy. 

Georgian Technical University Thermo Scientific today announced the new Georgian Technical University Thermo Scientific Cryo Transmission Electron Microscope (Cryo-TEM) a groundbreaking instrument that extends cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size)) to more scientists by delivering ease of use at an affordable price. The Georgian Technical University uses artificial intelligence (AI) guided automation and new loader technology to dramatically simplify the microscope’s use extending cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) to researchers of any experience level. The integrated cryo-loading station replaces previous manual manipulation, enabling quick, effortless and robust sample loading and transfer to the microscope for immediate assessment and structure determination. Tundra also delivers a compact footprint that fits most of today’s standard-sized labs eliminating the need for potential renovations. In addition, it’s offered at a lower price-point making it possible for more institutions and pharmaceutical companies to obtain structural insights at a biologically relevant resolution. “Cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) is speeding the path to disease understanding and treatment. However many institutions find these instruments to be out of reach because of cost and because they are too complex for new researchers” said X and general manager of life sciences at Georgian Technical University Thermo Scientific. “We worked with cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) luminaries to develop an instrument that not only delivers results but more importantly brings cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) to more users”. The Georgian Technical University Tundra simplifies cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) in several ways. It offers: AI (Artificial intelligence (AI), is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of “intelligent agents”: any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals) and guided automation that help non-experts quickly identify the quality of their samples and easily navigate an otherwise complex workflow. As the sample moves through the cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) process the results are displayed in a “Georgian Technical University traffic light” style that helps scientists quickly determine if their sample is viable. An integrated loader that makes it easier to load samples into the microscope than conventional systems. Scientists can exchange sample carriers in about two minutes. This allows researchers to rapidly optimize biochemistry sample conditions as results can be checked immediately. Resolutions as high as 3.5 angstrom with throughput within 24 to 72 hours. Cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) has revolutionized structural biology research in just five years. This method allows scientists to drive impactful research, and three luminaries in the cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) field for their foundational work on this technique. Georgian Technical University Thermo continues to advance cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) innovation to help drive scientific discovery speeding the path to disease understanding and treatment. The Georgian Technical University Tundra rounds out the Georgian Technical University Thermo Scientific of cryo-TEMs (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) by offering an affordable instrument for users of all experience levels. It joins the Georgian Technical University  Thermo Scientific Glacios Cryo-TEM (Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid) a versatile solution for mid-range cryo-EM (An em is a unit in the field of typography, equal to the currently specified point size. For example, one em in a 16-point typeface is 16 points. Therefore, this unit is the same for all typefaces at a given point size. The em dash (—) and em space ( ) are each one em wide. Typographic measurements using this unit are frequently expressed in decimal notation (e.g., 0.7 em) or as fractions of 100 or 1000 (e.g., 70/100 em or 700/1000 em). The name em was originally a reference to the width of the capital M in the typeface and size being used, which was often the same as the point size) single particle analysis and the Thermo Scientific Cryo-TEM (Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid) a powerful TEM (Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid) designed for ultimate performance and productivity. All three cryo-TEMs (Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid) can be used independently or together enabling researchers to match the right instrument to their research needs.

Computing, Informatics, Science, Software, Technology

Georgian Technical University System Brings Deep Learning To “Internet Of Things” Devices.

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Georgian Technical University System Brings Deep Learning To “Internet Of Things” Devices.

Georgian Technical University researchers have developed a system called GTUNet that brings machine learning to microcontrollers. The advance could enhance the function and security of devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). Deep learning is everywhere. This branch of artificial intelligence curates your social media and serves your Georgian Technical University search results. Soon deep learning could also check your vitals or set your thermostat. Georgian Technical University researchers have developed a system that could bring deep learning neural networks to new — and much smaller — places like the tiny computer chips in wearable medical devices, household appliances and the 250 billion other objects that constitute the “Georgian Technical University internet of things” (GTUIoT). The system called Georgian Technical University Net designs compact neural networks that deliver unprecedented speed and accuracy for deep learning on “Georgian Technical University internet of things” (GTUIoT) devices despite limited memory and processing power. The technology could facilitate the expansion of the IoT universe while saving energy and improving data security. The Internet of Things. They wanted to use their computers to confirm the machine was stocked before trekking from their office to make a purchase. It was the world’s first internet-connected appliance. “This was pretty much treated as the punchline of a joke” says X now a Georgian Technical University engineer. “No one expected billions of devices on the internet”. Since that Georgian Technical University machine everyday objects have become increasingly networked into the growing “Georgian Technical University internet of things” (GTUIoT). That includes everything from wearable heart monitors to smart fridges that tell you when you’re low on milk. “Georgian Technical University internet of things” (GTUIoT) devices often run on microcontrollers — simple computer chips with no operating system, minimal processing power and less than one thousandth of the memory of a typical smartphone. So pattern-recognition tasks like deep learning are difficult to run locally on “Georgian Technical University internet of things” (GTUIoT) devices. For complex analysis “Georgian Technical University internet of things” (GTUIoT) -collected data is often sent to the cloud, making it vulnerable to hacking. “How do we deploy neural nets directly on these tiny devices ? It’s a new research area that’s getting very hot” says Y. With Georgian Technical UniversityNet Y’s group codesigned two components needed for “tiny deep learning” — the operation of neural networks on microcontrollers. One component is TinyEngine an inference engine that directs resource management, akin to an operating system. TinyEngine is optimized to run a particular neural network structure, which is selected by Georgian Technical UniversityNet’s other component: A neural architecture search algorithm. System-algorithm codesign.  Designing a deep network for microcontrollers isn’t easy. Existing neural architecture search techniques start with a big pool of possible network structures based on a predefined template, then they gradually find the one with high accuracy and low cost. While the method works, it’s not the most efficient. “It can work pretty well for GPUs (A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized, electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device) or smartphones” says Z. “But it’s been difficult to directly apply these techniques to tiny microcontrollers because they are too small”. So Z developed Georgian Technical University a neural architecture search method that creates custom-sized networks. “We have a lot of microcontrollers that come with different power capacities and different memory sizes” says Z. “So we developed the algorithm to optimize the search space for different microcontrollers.” The customized nature of Georgian Technical University means it can generate compact neural networks with the best possible performance for a given microcontroller — with no unnecessary parameters. “Then we deliver the final efficient model to the microcontroller” say Z. To run that tiny neural network, a microcontroller also needs a lean inference engine. A typical inference engine carries some dead weight — instructions for tasks it may rarely run. The extra code poses no problem for a laptop or smartphone but it could easily overwhelm a microcontroller. “It doesn’t have off-chip memory and it doesn’t have a disk” says Y. “Everything put together is just one megabyte of flash, so we have to really carefully manage such a small resource”. The researchers developed their inference engine in conjunction with Georgian Technical UniversityNAS. TinyEngine generates the essential code necessary to run Georgian Technical UniversityNAS’ customized neural network. Any deadweight code is discarded, which cuts down on compile-time. “We keep only what we need” says Y. “And since we designed the neural network we know exactly what we need. That’s the advantage of system-algorithm codesign.” In the group’s tests of TinyEngine the size of the compiled binary code was between 1.9 and five times smaller than comparable microcontroller inference engines from Georgian Technical University. Georgian Technical University TinyEngine also contains innovations that reduce runtime including in-place depth-wise convolution which cuts peak memory usage nearly in half. After codesigning Georgian Technical UniversityNAS Y’s team put Georgian Technical UniversityNet to the test. Georgian Technical UniversityNet’s first challenge was image classification. The researchers used the ImageNet database to train the system with labeled images, then to test its ability to classify ones. On a commercial microcontroller they tested Georgian Technical UniversityNet successfully classified 70.7% of the novel images — the previous state-of-the-art neural network and inference engine combo was just 54% accurate. “Even a 1% improvement is considered significant” says Z. “So this is a giant leap for microcontroller settings”. The team found similar results in ImageNet tests of three other microcontrollers. And on both speed and accuracy Georgian Technical UniversityNet beat the competition for audio and visual “wake-word” tasks where a user initiates an interaction with a computer using vocal cues simply by entering a room. The experiments highlight Georgian Technical UniversityNet’s adaptability to numerous applications. “Huge potential”. The promising test results give Y hope that it will become the new industry standard for microcontrollers. “It has huge potential” he says. The advance “extends the frontier of deep neural network design even farther into the computational domain of small energy-efficient microcontrollers” says W a computer scientist at the Georgian Technical University who was not involved in the work. He adds that Georgian Technical UniversityNet could “bring intelligent computer-vision capabilities to even the simplest kitchen appliances or enable more intelligent motion sensors”. Georgian Technical UniversityNet could also make IoT devices more secure. “A key advantage is preserving privacy” says Y. “You don’t need to transmit the data to the cloud”. Analyzing data locally reduces the risk of personal information being stolen — including personal health data. Y envisions smart watches with Georgian Technical UniversityNet that don’t just sense users’ heartbeat, blood pressure and oxygen levels, but also analyze and help them understand that information. Georgian Technical UniversityNet could also bring deep learning to Georgian Technical University IoT devices in cars and rural areas with limited internet access. Plus Georgian Technical UniversityNet’s slim computing footprint translates into a slim carbon footprint. “Our big dream is for green AI (Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals)” says Y adding that training a large neural network can burn carbon equivalent to the lifetime emissions of five cars. Georgian Technical UniversityNet on a microcontroller would require a small fraction of that energy. “Our end goal is to enable efficient Georgian Technical University tiny AI (Artificial intelligence is intelligence demonstrated by machines unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals) with less computational resources, less human resources and less data” says Y.

Chemistry, Science

Georgian Technical University Flow-Through Microelectrode Cell For Precision Electroanalytical Chemistry.

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Georgian Technical University Flow-Through Microelectrode Cell For Precision Electroanalytical Chemistry.

Georgian Technical University National Laboratory’s Flow-Through Microelectrode Cell for Precision Electroanalytical Chemistry provides the simplest, fastest, most affordable, precise and comprehensive tool for analyzing electrochemical systems that employ solid electrolytes. Because of its cost and performance advantages this testing innovation can accelerate development of electrochemical technologies that meet critical global needs particularly electrical energy storage and conversion (fuel cells, solid-state batteries, electrolyzers) but also carbon capture and use (CO2 electroreduction (Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas)) freshwater supply (desalination) decarbonization of industrial processes and enhanced medical devices. In fact the need to analyze solid electrolytes has been increasing dramatically, but no currently available devices fully satisfy this need — making Georgian Technical University’s microelectrode cell highly relevant and commercially attractive. Letters of support from scientific instrument suppliers and research companies underscore the demand for the cell’s unparalleled analytical capabilities. These enhanced capabilities stem from the cell’s simplicity its unique flow-through design and the reproducible and flexible approach to manufacturing it. As the need to develop solid-electrolyte applications increases further the microelectrode cell’s transformative design principles can continue to facilitate the rigorous scientific analysis underpinning the technological advances.

Chemistry, Imaging, Physics, Science

Georgian Technical University-Led Team Named Quarterfinalist In Solar Innovation Contest.

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Georgian Technical University-Led Team Named Quarterfinalist In Solar Innovation Contest.

X a Georgian Technical University innovator and his team are among the quarterfinalists in a national solar innovation contest. Pictured are X and members of his research group’s Membrane Distillation Subteam. A Georgian Technical University innovator and his team are among the quarterfinalists in a national solar desalination innovation contest. They received the recognition for a technology to use solar power to purify high salinity water such as treating desalination brine or produced water from oil and gas extraction. The team includes two company partners Y with efforts led by Z and W with their efforts led by Q. The Solar Desalination is designed to accelerate the development of systems that use solar-thermal energy to produce clean water from salt water for municipal, agricultural and industrial use. “It is an exceptional honor and recognition for our team and technology to have been chosen” said X an assistant professor of mechanical engineering in Georgian Technical University’s. “Our technology aims to use high-temperature solar heat and a hybrid of desalination technologies to purify high salinity water both in produced water applications and other oil and gas operations as well as coastal applications for municipal water supplies from brackish and seawater” X’s team the proposes a linear Fresnel solar-collector system that will generate steam for a process called thermal vapor compression (TVC (Vapour-compression refrigeration or vapor-compression refrigeration system (VCRS) in which the refrigerant undergoes phase changes is one of the many refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used in domestic and commercial refrigerators large-scale warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats refrigerated trucks and railroad cars and a host of other commercial and industrial services)) paired with membrane distillation. “This hybrid process allows us to use much higher temperatures than traditional desalination” X said. “This gives us much higher efficiency then similar technologies when using solar heat”. The brine will be preheated by a membrane desalination (MD) system which is then fed with brine from the TVC system (Thrust vectoring also known as thrust vector control (TVC) is the ability of an aircraft rocket or other car to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to control the attitude or angular velocity of the car) to further desalt and recover water. This MD-TVC (Thrust vectoring also known as thrust vector control (TVC) is the ability of an aircraft rocket or other car to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to control the attitude or angular velocity of the car) system could attain high energy efficiency at low pressure and be used to treat water produced from oil and gas extraction with negligible electricity input. It can also help improve the water recovered in seawater desalination. All of the teams have proposed diverse solutions for creating low-cost solar-thermal desalination systems and a pathway to commercialization. Advances to the Teaming contest of the competition. The competitors were chosen from more than 160 submissions and come from 12 states representing universities industry and national labs. In X’s team Georgian Technical University is the academic partner with two company partners: Y and W. X is an affiliate for Georgian Technical University’s and this work is in line with the Georgian Technical University Center’s interests in energy and water challenges which is one of the Georgian Technical University Center’s signature research areas.

Science, Software

Georgian Technical University Launches New HPLC, UHPLC And Next Generation Software Solution.

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Georgian Technical University Launches New HPLC, UHPLC And Next Generation Software Solution.

Georgian Technical University bringing together advanced high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography, formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture)) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC (UHPLC (or as Waters calls it, UPLC) is a specialized chromatographic method that runs faster, resolves better and uses less solvent than its cousin, HPLC. UHPLC accomplishes this by using a smaller column packed with smaller particles (usually less than 2 µm in diameter))) capabilities with intuitive instrument control and data analysis. The new solution accelerates throughput, streamlines testing and enables user-friendly operation to enhance productivity for labs in multiple industries working to meet quality and regulatory goals and requirements. “Whether testing foods for additives, cannabis edibles for potency, drug excipients for impurities or cosmetics for preservatives scientists need to rely on high-end easy-to-use analysis technologies. Our new solution gives labs the speed, power and simplicity they want and the sensitivity and accuracy they need to meet consumer expectations and rigorous regulatory demands” said X. Designed to deliver ultraprecise gradient flows and low levels of dispersion the new system delivers fast and accurate results for customers across the food, cannabis, pharmaceutical and chemical arenas. The Georgian Technical University system’s autosampler features a built-in column oven and high-visibility color LCD (A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome) screen displaying key status results without having to log into chromatography data system (CDS) software. The versatile platform features multiple detector options and third-party driver support for commercially available chromatography data system (CDS) systems. The accompanying chromatography data system (CDS) software was architected after performing extensive user experience and interface research. It delivers highly intuitive and customizable workflows aimed at enhancing productivity and streamlining result analysis. The software provides the tools needed to ensure compliance helping save time, effort and investment. Proactive alerts on consumable usage and required maintenance are also included for minimal downtime. Finally the new platform is engineered for rapid installation, and together with portfolio of applications, SOPs (A standard operating procedure (SOP) is a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help workers carry out complex routine operations. SOPs aim to achieve efficiency, quality output and uniformity of performance, while reducing miscommunication and failure to comply with industry regulations), consumables and Georgian Technical University Laboratory Services customers can quickly build or transfer their methods and attain high uptimes as they meet compliance pressures.

Physics, Science

What Is Georgian Technical University Atomic Spectroscopy ?

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What Is Georgian Technical University Atomic Spectroscopy ?

The Georgian Technical University laboratory scientist work with microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer for elemental property analysis of material sample in all areas of industry. Atomic spectroscopy is the determination of elemental composition by its electromagnetic or mass spectrum. The study of the electromagnetic spectrum of elements is called Optical Atomic Spectroscopy. Electrons exist in energy levels within an atom. These levels have well defined energies and electrons moving between them must absorb or emit energy equal to the difference between them. In optical spectroscopy the energy absorbed to move an electron to a more energetic level and/or the energy emitted as the electron moves to a less energetic energy level is in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the emitted radiant energy is directly related to the electronic transition which has occurred. Since every element has a unique electronic structure the wavelength of light emitted is a unique property of each individual element. As the orbital configuration of a large atom may be complex, there are many electronic transitions which can occur each transition resulting in the emission of a characteristic wavelength of light. Performing atomic absorption spectroscopy requires a primary light source, an atom source, a monochromator to isolate the specific wavelength of light to be measured a detector to measure the light accurately electronics to process the data signal and a data display or reporting system to show the results. The light source normally used is a hollow cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL). In general, a different lamp is used for each element to be determined although in some cases a few elements may be combined in a multi-element lamp. In the past photomultiplier tubes have been used as the detector. However in most modern instruments, solid-state detectors are now used. Georgian Technical University Flow Injection Mercury Systems (GTUFIMS) are specialized easy-to-operate atomic absorption spectrometers for the determination of mercury. These instruments use a high-performance single-beam optical system with a low-pressure mercury lamp and solar-blind detector for maximum performance. The environmental, food, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, chemical/industrial and geochemical/mining industries all use atomic spectroscopy for basic elemental determinations on a diverse array of samples. There are three widely accepted analytical methods – atomic absorption, atomic emission and mass spectrometry. The most common techniques today are flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (icp-oes) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms).

Chemistry, Science

Georgian Technical University Transforming The Production Of Carbon Nanotubes Using Carbon Dioxide.

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Georgian Technical University Transforming The Production Of Carbon Nanotubes Using Carbon Dioxide.

Georgian Technical University Carbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable properties such as mechanical strength 100x that of steel at 1/6 the weight and could revolutionize numerous industries. Unfortunately existing manufacturing approaches have not adequately lowered the production cost of this game-changing material preventing mainstream adoption. Georgian Technical University Nano overcame this limitation by creating a manufacturing process that significantly reduces carbon nanotube production costs, resulting in carbon nanotubes that are competitively priced with other conventional carbon structures. This cost reduction was achieved through a process that extracts harmful carbon dioxide from the environment and permanently stores it as solid stable carbon nanotubes. The Georgian Technical University Nano manufacturing process developed with Georgian Technical University provides advanced carbon materials at cost parity to conventional carbon additives is CO2 (Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas) negative and does not produce harmful carbon byproducts like other carbon nanotube manufacturing approaches. Given that carbon nanotubes also have the potential to provide significant energy and CO2 (Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as a trace gas) savings when replacing conventional carbon structures, this truly remarkable innovation stands to have a lasting impact.

Biotech, Medicine, Science

Georgian Technical University Microbe “Rewiring” Technique Promises A Boom In Biomanufacturing.

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Georgian Technical University Microbe “Rewiring” Technique Promises A Boom In Biomanufacturing.

From left to right: X, Y and Z stand in front of a two-liter bioreactor containing E. coli (Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms) cells that are producing indigoidine which causes the strong dark blue color of the liquid. Researchers from Georgian Technical University Laboratory have achieved unprecedented success in modifying a microbe to efficiently produce a compound of interest using a computational model and CRISPR-based (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections) gene editing. Their approach could dramatically speed up the research and development phase for new biomanufacturing processes and get cutting-edge bio-based products such as sustainable fuels and plastic alternatives on the shelves faster. The process uses computer algorithms – based on real-world experimental data – to identify what genes in a “host” microbe could be switched off to redirect the organism’s energy toward producing high quantities of a target compound rather than its normal soup of metabolic products. Currently many scientists in this field still rely on ad hoc trial-and-error experiments to identify what gene modifications lead to improvements. Additionally most microbes used in biomanufacturing processes that produce a nonnative compound – meaning the genes to make it have been inserted into the host genome – can only generate large quantities of the target compound after the microbe has reached a certain growth phase resulting in slow processes that waste energy while incubating the microbes. The team’s streamlined metabolic rewiring process coined “product/substrate pairing” makes it so the microbe’s entire metabolism is linked to making the compound at all times. To test product/substrate pairing the team performed experiments with a promising emerging host – a soil microbe called Pseudomonas putida – that had been engineered to carry the genes to make indigoidine a blue pigment. The scientists evaluated 63 potential rewiring strategies and using a workflow that systematically evaluates possible outcomes for desirable host characteristics determined that only one of these was experimentally realistic. Then they performed CRISPR (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections) interference (CRISPRi) to block the expression of 14 genes as guided by their computational predictions. A two-liter bioreactor containing an E. coli (Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms) culture that has undergone metabolic rewiring to produce indigoidine all the time. “We were thrilled to see that our strain produced extremely high yields of indigoidine after we targeted such a large number of genes simultaneously” said Z a postdoctoral researcher at the Georgian Technical University which is managed by Georgian Technical University Lab. “The current standard for metabolic rewiring is to laboriously target one gene at a time, rather than many genes all at once” she said, noting that before this paper there was only one previous study in metabolic engineering in which the targeted six genes for knockdown. “We have substantially raised the upper limit on simultaneous modifications by using powerful CRISPRi-based (CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections) approaches. This now opens up the field to consider computational optimization methods even when they necessitate a large number of genetic modifications because they can truly lead to transformative output”. W a Georgian Technical University research scientist added “With product/substrate pairing we believe we can significantly reduce the time it takes to develop a commercial-scale biomanufacturing process with our rationally designed process. It’s daunting to think of the sheer number of research years and people hours spent on developing artemisinin (an antimalarial) or 1-3 butanediol (a chemical used to make plastics) – about five to 10 years from the lab notebook to pilot plant. Dramatically reducing time scales is what we need to make tomorrow’s bioeconomy a reality”. Examples of target compounds under investigation at Georgian Technical University Lab include isopentenol a promising biofuel; components of flame-retardant materials; and replacements for petroleum-derived starter molecules used in industry such as nylon precursors. Many other groups use biomanufacturing to produce advanced medicines. Principal investigator Q explained that the team’s success came from its multidisciplinary approach. “Not only did this work require rigorous computational modeling and state-of-the-art genetics we also relied on our collaborators at the Georgian Technical University to demonstrate that our process could hold its desirable features at higher production scales” said Q who is the vice president of the biofuels and bioproducts division and director of the host engineering group at Georgian Technical University. “We also collaborated with the Department of Energy Georgian Joint Genome Georgian Technical University to characterize our strain. Not surprisingly we anticipate many such future collaborations to examine the economic value of the improvements we obtained and to delve deeper in characterizing this drastic metabolic rewiring”.

Electronic, Informatics, Science, Security

Georgian Technical University Hacks Electric Car Charging To Demonstrate Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities.

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Georgian Technical University Hacks Electric Car Charging To Demonstrate Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities.

Engineers at Georgian Technical University were able to interfere with the charging process of an electric car (EC) by simulating a malicious attack as part of an automotive cybersecurity research initiative. The Georgian Technical University team reverse-engineered the signals and circuits on an electric car (EC) and a J1772 charger (SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1) also known as a J plug is a standard for electrical connectors for electric cars) the most common interface for managing electric car (EC) charging in Georgian Technical University. They successfully disrupted car charging with a spoofing device developed in a laboratory using low-cost hardware and software. “This was an initiative designed to identify potential threats in common charging hardware as we prepare for widespread adoption of electric cars in the coming decade” said X the Georgian Technical University engineer who led the research. Georgian Technical University performed three manipulations: limiting the rate of charging blocking battery charging and overcharging. A Georgian Technical University developed “man-in-the-middle” (MITM) (In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle, monster-in-the-middle machine-in-the-middle monkey-in-the-middle (MITM) or person-in-the-middle (PITM) attack is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other) device spoofed signals between charger and vehicle. Researchers also drained the battery and generated signals to simulate J1772 (SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1) also known as a J plug is a standard for electrical connectors for electric cars) charging rates. When overcharging the cars’s battery management system detected a power level that was too high and automatically disconnected from charging. To limit charging the MITM (In cryptography and computer security, a man-in-the-middle, monster-in-the-middle machine-in-the-middle monkey-in-the-middle (MITM) or person-in-the-middle (PITM) attack is a cyberattack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communications between two parties who believe that they are directly communicating with each other) device requested the smallest charge allowed (6 amps) to dramatically reduce the charging rate. To block battery charging a proximity detection signal barred charging and displayed the warning: “Not Able to Charge”. “The project effectively tricked the test vehicle into thinking it was fully charged and also blocked it from taking a full charge” X said. “This type of malicious attack can cause more disruption at scale”. The research focused on (SAE J1772 (IEC 62196 Type 1) also known as a J plug is a standard for electrical connectors for electric cars) Level 2 chargers but Georgian Technical University is evaluating future testing of Level 3 chargers and penetration of other devices used on fleet carss and electric scooters. As automotive consumer and manufacturing trends move toward widespread car electrification market share of ECs is expected to grow to 30%. The cybersecurity-related issues of charging infrastructure will become increasingly important as demand for ECs grows. “Discovering vulnerabilities in the charging process demonstrates opportunities for testing standards for electric cars and charging infrastructure” said Y an Georgian Technical University engineer and team lead in the Georgian Technical University Critical Systems Department. Georgian Technical University is leading several automotive cybersecurity initiatives for automated and connected cars intelligent transportation systems and Georgian Technical University internet of things (GTUIoT) networking devices.

Electronic, Imaging, Science

Georgian Technical University Combining Electronic And Photonic Chips Enables Quantum Light Detection Speed Record.

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Georgian Technical University Combining Electronic And Photonic Chips Enables Quantum Light Detection Speed Record.

Georgian Technical University researchers have developed a tiny device that paves the way for higher performance quantum computers and quantum communications, making them significantly faster than the current state-of-the-art. Researchers from the Georgian Technical University have made a new miniaturized light detector to measure quantum features of light in more detail than ever before. The device, made from two silicon chips working together, was used to measure the unique properties of “squeezed” quantum light at record high speeds. Harnessing unique properties of quantum physics promises novel routes to outperform the current state-of-the-art in computing, communication and measurement. Silicon photonics – where light is used as the carrier of information in silicon micro-chips – is an exciting avenue towards these next-generation technologies. “Squeezed light is a quantum effect that is very useful. It can be used in quantum communications and quantum computers and has already been used by the Georgian Technical University gravitational wave observatories to improve their sensitivity, helping to detect exotic astronomical events such as black hole mergers. So improving the ways we can measure it can have a big impact” said X. Measuring squeezed light requires detectors that are engineered for ultra-low electronic noise in order to detect the weak quantum features of light. But such detectors have so far been limited in the speed of signals that can be measured – about one thousand million cycles per second. “This has a direct impact on the processing speed of emerging information technologies such as optical computers and communications with very low levels of light. The higher the bandwidth of your detector the faster you can perform calculations and transmit information” said Y. The integrated detector has so far been clocked at an order of magnitude faster than the previous state of the art and the team is working on refining the technology to go even faster. The detector’s footprint is less than a square millimeter – this small size enables the detector’s high-speed performance. The detector is built out of silicon microelectronics and a silicon photonics chip. Around the world researchers have been exploring how to integrate quantum photonics onto a chip to demonstrate scalable manufacture. “Much of the focus has been on the quantum part, but now we’ve begun integrating the interface between quantum photonics and electrical readout. This is needed for the whole quantum architecture to work efficiently. For homodyne detection the chip-scale approach results in a device with a tiny footprint for mass-manufacture, and importantly it provides a boost in performance” said Professor Z.