Study Reveals New Geometric Shape Used By Nature to Pack Cells Efficiently.
a) Scheme representing planar columnar/cubic monolayer epithelia. Cells are simplified as prisms. b) Scheme illustrating a fold in a columnar/cubic monolayer epithelium. Cells adopt the called “bottle 23 shape” that would be simplified as frusta. c) Mathematical model for an epithelial tube. d) Modelling clay figures illustrating two scutoids participating in a transition and two schemes for scutoids solids. Scutoids are characterized by having at least a vertex in a different plane to the two bases and present curved surfaces. e) A dorsal view of a Protaetia speciose beetle of the Cetoniidae family. The white lines highlight the resemblance of its scutum scutellum and wings with the shape of the scutoids. Illustration from Dr. X with permission. f) Three-dimensional reconstruction of the cells forming a tube. The four-cell motif (green, yellow, blue and red cells) shows an apico-basal cell intercalation. g) Detail of the apico-basal transition showing how the blue and yellow cells contact in.
As an embryo develops tissues bend into complex three-dimensional shapes that lead to organs. Epithelial cells are the building blocks of this process forming for example the outer layer of skin. They also line the blood vessels and organs of all animals.
These cells pack together tightly. To accommodate the curving that occurs during embryonic development it has been assumed that epithelial cells adopt either columnar or bottle-like shapes.
However a group of scientists dug deeper into this phenomenon and discovered a new geometric shape in the process.
They uncovered that during tissue bending epithelial cells adopt a previously undescribed shape that enables the cells to minimize energy use and maximize packing stability.
Y and colleagues first made the discovery through computational modeling that utilized Voronoi diagramming (In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a partitioning of a plane into regions based on distance to points in a specific subset of the plane. That set of points (called seeds, sites, or generators) is specified beforehand, and for each seed there is a corresponding region consisting of all points closer to that seed than to any other. These regions are called Voronoi cells. The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation) a tool used in a number of fields to understand geometrical organization.
“During the modeling process the results we saw were weird” says Y. “Our model predicted that as the curvature of the tissue increases columns and bottle-shapes were not the only shapes that cells may developed. To our surprise the additional shape didn’t even have a name in math ! One does not normally have the opportunity to name a new shape”.
The group has named the new shape the “scutoid” for its resemblance to the scutellum–the posterior part of an insect thorax or midsection.
To verify the model’s predictions the group investigated the three-dimensional packing of different tissues in different animals. The experimental data confirmed that epithelial cells adopted shapes and three-dimensional packing motifs similar to the ones predicted by the computational model.
Using biophysical approaches the team argues that the scutoids stabilize the three-dimensional packing and make it energetically efficient. As Y puts it: “We have unlocked nature’s solution to achieving efficient epithelial bending”.
Their findings could pave the way to understanding the three-dimensional organization of epithelial organs and lead to advancements in tissue engineering.
“In addition to this fundamental aspect of morphogenesis” they write “the ability to engineer tissues and organs in the future critically relies on the ability to understand and then control the 3D organization of cells”.
Adds Y: “For example if you are looking to grow artificial organs this discovery could help you build a scaffold to encourage this kind of cell packing accurately mimicking nature’s way to efficiently develop tissues”.