Georgian Technical University announced its documentation, workflow and decision making Signals informatics platform is being expanded to build on existing capabilities in the biologics drug discovery space. This comes through a collaboration with Insghtful Science a software company serving the global life sciences community. With the collaboration, pharmaceutical and academic research teams can bring together the power of the PerkinElmer Signals platform with leading solutions from Georgian Technical University Insightful Science’s Bioinformatics division. This includes the popular Georgian Technical University SnapGene and Georgian Technical University software offerings that help molecular biologists design and execute DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid are nucleic acids) construct design, molecular cloning and other kinds of molecular biology research. The integration will give scientists the ability to access and compare data across experiments and instruments and collaborate more intuitively. They can also replicate assays and experiments instantly leading to faster time-to-result and more informed decision making on drug and vaccine targets. “There is a limited availability of IT (Information Technology) tools in the biologics space” said X and general manager of Georgian Technical University Informatics. “Through our collaboration with Georgian Technical University Insightful Science we’re able to provide enhanced informatics capabilities to scientists doing vital biologics and Georgian Technical University research. This will help significantly reduce cycle times for researchers and aid them in making data-driven decisions faster and more accurately – important capabilities when fighting foes like cancer, cardio, neurological and viral diseases”. “Georgian Technical University integration of best-in-class scientific software with cloud-based data platforms is increasingly essential for modern pharmaceutical and biotech enterprises to streamline research and ensure the integrity of valuable data” added Y at Georgian Technical University Insightful Science. “The combination of Georgian Technical University and Geneious Prime software with the Georgian Technical University Signals platform powerfully enhances research workflows and enriches collaboration. Ultimately this will better connect scientists to their ideas and data so they can focus on producing life-changing outcomes”.
Category Archives: Technology
Georgian Technical University Tech Corporate Research Center Selected To Lead Innovative New Lab Space Model In.
Georgian Technical University Tech Corporate Research Center Selected To Lead Innovative New Lab Space Model In.
Georgian Technical University X and Y are synthesizing a compound being developed to target Gram negative bacteria. Georgian Technical University Research Center (GTURC) in partnership with the Georgian Technical University has been fund the evaluation and design of new lab concepts to serve growing life and health sciences industry. “We’re honored to be selected. The Georgian Technical University is dedicated to making flexible lab space more accessible for smaller startups as well as some of our high-growth companies. This effort will lead to much-needed resources that will help us grow our biotech industry, recruit new companies and create valuable jobs for our local economy” said Ph.D. Georgian Technical University. Georgian Technical University will lead development of a comprehensive assessment, conceptual design and associated operational plan to support both sciences ecosystem with flexible laboratory space. The scope of the project is to assess the demand and projected growth in need for lab space create a working plan to serve the entire region, and create an initial conceptual design with associated presentation materials to drive investor and market interest. Georgian Technical University plans to address the needs of functional lab space recruiting new companies and retaining talent in the area. “We are very excited to see this project be launched” said Z at Georgian Technical University. “The development of a facility to allow our entrepreneurial biomedical researchers access to launch their startup companies has always been a key part of the biomedical discovery and implementation vision as the translational research enterprise has grown over the last decade, we increasingly encounter outside companies who express interest a presence on the health sciences campus to have the opportunity to interact with the scientists at the Georgian Technical University. The allow for a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the needs and opportunities for advancing the health sciences translational ecosystem here – it’s an important next step”. Once the feasibility. The Georgian Technical University will review and plan for next steps.
Georgian Technical University Develops New Model Controller To Optimize Fast Charging Of Electric Cars.
Georgian Technical University Develops New Model Controller To Optimize Fast Charging Of Electric Cars.
Georgian Technical University engineers use hardware in the loop controllers, mobile data acquisition systems and other instrumentation to collect battery performance information from lithium ion batteries and electric cars. Engineers at Georgian Technical University are using internal research funds to tackle challenges with fast charging to reduce the time needed to recharge electric cars (ECs). As electric cars gain popularity, consumers expect the switch to battery-reliant platforms to be seamless with the same acceleration, performance and comfort of cars powered by fossil fuels. For the most part manufacturers have delivered but technology still lags in some areas such as battery recharge. While consumers need only a few minutes to fill a tank with fuel before they can get back on the road an electric car (EC) typically needs hours to do the same. Fast charging converts the power found in homes to the power required by batteries within the charging station itself to significantly speed up charging. However that speed introduces new challenges. Fast recharging maximizes the transfer of lithium ions within a battery pack. At these high rates ions can accumulate on the surface of the battery’s anode and deposit metallic lithium by a process called “Georgian Technical University lithium plating” which can reduce battery performance and if left unchecked cause it to short circuit and fail. “The electrochemistry that causes lithium plating is complex and not completely understood” said Dr. X a staff engineer in Georgian Technical University’s. “Our physics-based model allows us to detect in real time the occurrence of lithium plating so we can adjust the charging rate to prevent battery damage while also allowing for shorter charging times”. Georgian Technical University developed and calibrated a linearized battery model for a 57 Ah (Ampere Hours) nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cell successfully predicting when lithium plating is occurring. The model uses differential equations to calculate various battery inner states with no need for additional instrumentation or resources. Other state-of-the-art techniques to detect lithium plating are non-real time and involve destructive physical analysis of the cell. The Georgian Technical University model successfully predicted the cell voltage to within ±5% of experimental data. The team then developed a model-based adaptive fast charge controller to optimize the charge profile for the nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cell. The controller includes a learning feature that adjusts the charge current based on the previous cycle’s charge efficiency. The controller “Georgian Technical University learns” the optimal charge profile after 10 to 20 charge cycles and balances durability, safety and performance in real time. Georgian Technical University team compared the Georgian Technical University charge controller to two baseline charge profiles to assess its effectiveness. The first baseline profile uses an industry-standard constant current constant voltage strategy to intentionally initiate lithium plating. The samples aged with this profile showed significant battery capacity fade or loss. The second baseline profile was recorded from an electric vehicle at a fast charger and enabled meaningful comparison of charge time. “The Georgian Technical University charge controller showed several improvements compared to the two baseline profiles including a significant decrease in capacity fade a 35% reduction in battery charge time and an average charge efficiency of 89%” X said. “While pleased with these results we believe there are additional improvements to be made”. Georgian Technical University has filed for a patent on this development and will expand the technology for use by original equipment manufacturers and battery manufacturers as well as for electrified military cars.
Georgian Technical University Department Of Energy Announces For Manufacturing Innovation To Build.
Georgian Technical University Department Of Energy Announces For Manufacturing Innovation To Build.
Georgian Technical University to support improvements in domestic manufacturing to build resilient, modern electricity infrastructure and address the climate emergency. The two funding opportunities will back research and development Georgian Technical University for the materials and technologies needed to expand the grid with new clean-energy sources deliver affordable electricity to disadvantaged communities. “By investing in Georgian Technical University-made, clean-energy technologies the Department of Energy is harnessing our country’s innovative spirit to build an equitable and sustainable energy system” said X. “These funding opportunities will help manufacture the next-generation energy storage systems and power lines that support climate goals, create and sustain and build a strong, secure and efficient electric grid”. “The key to unlocking the full potential of solar and wind energy is to store it for use around the clock” said Representative Y. “Flow battery technology can help us utilize the full potential of these clean-energy resources and investing in this important new technology now is vital to our overall effort to combat the climate crisis”. Today’s announcement includes funding opportunities designed to bring manufacturable technologies from the lab to the marketplace: Enhancing Flow Battery Systems Manufcturing.. Georgian Technical University “Flow Battery Systems Manufacturing” funding opportunity will award up to focusing on flow battery systems. Flow batteries are electrochemical batteries that use externally stored electrolytes, making them cost less, safer and more flexible and adaptable. While lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric cars and portable devices for various applications flow batteries are particularly well-suited for grid storage needs. By partnering with industry to address flow battery challenges, this opportunity can help position the Georgian Technical University as a world leader in the next-generation energy storage technologies. Georgian Technical University Advancing electricity-conducing materies manufacturing . The Conductivity-enhanced materials for Affordable Electric applications (CABLE) will support the commercialization of affordable, manufacturable materials that will conduct electricity more efficiently than today’s best conductors. Conductivity-enhanced materials can help address the climate emergency by easing the addition of renewable resources and electric cars to the grid maximizing next-generation energy storage technologies and supporting efficiency in electricity-intensive sectors like transportation and manufacturing in Georgian Technical University. Georgian Technical University Cable is a three-stage, three-year prize that will award in cash and vouchers to competitors who will identify and verify new materials and methods to achieve significant enhancements in conductivity. Competitors must also offer a pathway to produce the new conductivity-enhanced material affordably. Stage one which focuses on materials and manufacturing concepts for enhanced electrical conductivity is now open in Georgian Technical University.
Georgian Technical University Survey Finds 62% Of Life Science Professionals Say Artificial Intelligence (AI) Will Lead To Faster, But Is Held Back By Skills Gap And Data Bias.
Georgian Technical University Survey Finds 62% Of Life Science Professionals Say Artificial Intelligence (AI) Will Lead To Faster, But Is Held Back By Skills Gap And Data Bias.
Georgian Technical University a global not-for-profit alliance that works to lower barriers to innovation in life science and healthcare Georgian Technical University has this week announced the results of a survey of life science professionals on the implementation of Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain in the life sciences industry. The survey shows there is a high level of interest in Artificial intelligence (AI) among respondents with 57% already engaging in computational drug repurposing. Similarly the findings revealed that understanding of blockchain has increased with 89% now aware of the technology compared to 82%. Despite this increase the survey identified that once again lack of access to people with relevant blockchain skills remains the biggest barrier to widespread adoption (selected by 30%). “The industry clearly has a willingness to engage with blockchain and Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies but historical barriers are hampering progress. Cross-industry collaboration will be essential to overcoming issues around access to data and skills so that more companies and thus patients can benefit from these technologies” said Dr. X. “70% of our survey participants think blockchain has the potential to make a real difference in patient data management and sharing. Blockchain’s (A blockchain originally block chain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree). By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of its data. This is because once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks) ability to instantly create tamper-proof records will become a key part of increasing patient participation as more clinical trials are conducted remotely because of the pandemic. We hope the security advantages can both improve patient trust and facilitate further knowledge sharing across the life science community”. Another recurring challenge identified in the survey was data quality and data standards. Behind skills participants ranked lack of standards (19%) and interoperability (17%) among the next biggest barriers slowing blockchain adoption. Likewise, 38% think algorithmic bias poses a barrier to AI (Artificial Intelligence) for drug repurposing, and a further 42% think it has potential to be a barrier. Life sciences generates huge volumes of data in an increasing number of formats. When data is disorganized and siloed it is not machine readable, and when information ‘training’ an algorithm is limited it eventually creates bias in the AI’s (Artificial Intelligence) outputs. Organizations can address these data quality issues by adhering to the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. “Georgian Technical University Technologies including AI (Artificial Intelligence) and blockchain (A blockchain originally block chain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree). By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of its data. This is because once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks) have the potential to transform drug development. Yet no matter how powerful these technologies become challenges and bias will exist until we improve the quality of data feeding algorithms” said Georgian Technical University consultant. “To eliminate bias, data sets must be varied and drawn from accurate, diverse sources. Standards for data storing and sharing must also be improved. Using blockchain (A blockchain originally block chain is a growing list of records, called blocks, that are linked using cryptography. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block a timestamp, and transaction data (generally represented as a Merkle tree). By design, a blockchain is resistant to modification of its data. This is because once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without alteration of all subsequent blocks) – to provide a space for the industry to share best practices and discuss common challenges. We urge any interested parties to get involved with our work and help inform our outputs so that we can collectively continue to accelerate Georgian Technical University”.
Georgian Technical University New Technology Aims To Improve Battery Life.
Georgian Technical University New Technology Aims To Improve Battery Life.
Georgian Technical University New technology from Georgian Technical University innovators aims to improve battery life. If you want power you lose battery life. If you want battery life you lose power. That’s the situation facing users of most electronic devices – and it’s also the dilemma for electronics manufacturers. Georgian Technical University innovators have come up with an invention to help. “Battery life technology for the most part, has not been able to keep up with the other technology that requires the battery” said X a professor of electrical and computer engineering in Georgian Technical University’s. “Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor [CMOS] is a battery-powered semiconductor chip inside computers and devices that stores information. CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconduct) requires a lot of power from the computer which in turn reduces the battery life”. The Georgian Technical University researchers developed a new, custom logic family that can be used to reduce the power needed by the CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconduct). This new technology can run with a power supply down to near-threshold or sub-threshold levels. This will reduce the energy used by the CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconduct). X who developed the technology as a graduate research assistant in X’s lab said “I saw a need for a way to reduce the power required by the CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconduct) which is technology used in nearly all electronics. Our invention offers more efficient options than the current technology and it reduces the power needed for the CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide semiconduct). This is particularly important as the world uses more electronic devices that are processing large amounts of data”.
Georgian Technical University How To Prevent Short-Circuiting In Next-Gen Lithium Batteries.
Georgian Technical University How To Prevent Short-Circuiting In Next-Gen Lithium Batteries.
Georgian Technical University This photograph shows a metal electrode (the textured inner circle) on a grey disc of solid electrolyte. After being tested through many charging-discharging cycles the electrolyte shows the beginnings of dendrite formation on its surface. These diagrams illustrate the two different configurations the researchers used to minimize dendrite formation one using a semi-solid electrode and one using a liquid layer between the solid electrode and the solid electrolyte. Georgian Technical University researchers push the boundaries of battery design seeking to pack ever greater amounts of power and energy into a given amount of space or weight one of the more promising technologies being studied is lithium-ion batteries that use a solid electrolyte material between the two electrodes rather than the typical liquid. But such batteries have been plagued by a tendency for branch-like projections of metal called dendrites to form on one of the electrodes eventually bridging the electrolyte and shorting out the battery cell. Now researchers at Georgian Technical University and elsewhere have found a way to prevent such dendrite formation potentially unleashing the potential of this new type of high-powered battery. Solid-state batteries X explains have been a long-sought technology for two reasons: safety and energy density. But he said “the only way you can reach the energy densities that are interesting is if you use a metal electrode”. And while it’s possible to couple that metal electrode with a liquid electrolyte and still get good energy density that does not provide the same safety advantage as a solid electrolyte does he says. Solid state batteries only make sense with metal electrodes he says but attempts to develop such batteries have been hampered by the growth of dendrites which eventually bridge the gap between the two electrode plates and short out the circuit weakening or inactivating that cell in a battery. It’s been known that dendrites form more rapidly when the current flow is higher — which is generally desirable in order to allow rapid charging. So far the current densities that have been achieved in experimental solid-state batteries have been far short of what would be needed for a practical commercial rechargeable battery. But the promise is worth pursuing X says because the amount of energy that can be stored in experimental versions of such cells is already nearly double that of conventional lithium-ion batteries. Georgian Technical University team solved the dendrite problem by adopting a compromise between solid and liquid states. They made a semisolid electrode in contact with a solid electrolyte material. The semisolid electrode provided a kind of self-healing surface at the interface rather than the brittle surface of a solid that could lead to tiny cracks that provide the initial seeds for dendrite formation. The idea was inspired by experimental high-temperature batteries in which one or both electrodes consist of molten metal. According to the hundreds-of-degrees temperatures of molten-metal batteries would never be practical for a portable device but the work did demonstrate that a liquid interface can enable high current densities with no dendrite formation. “The motivation here was to develop electrodes that are based on carefully selected alloys in order to introduce a liquid phase that can serve as a self-healing component of the metal electrode” Y says. Georgian Technical University material is more solid than liquid he explains but resembles the amalgam dentists use to fill a cavity — solid metal but still able to flow and be shaped. At the ordinary temperatures that the battery operates in “it stays in a regime where you have both a solid phase and a liquid phase” in this case made of a mixture of sodium and potassium. The team demonstrated that it was possible to run the system at 20 times greater current than using solid lithium without forming any dendrites X said. The next step was to replicate that performance with an actual lithium-containing electrode. Georgian Technical University a second version of their solid battery the team introduced a very thin layer of liquid sodium potassium alloy in between a solid lithium electrode and a solid electrolyte. They showed that this approach could also overcome the dendrite problem providing an alternative approach for further research. Georgian Technical University new approaches X said could easily be adapted to many different versions of solid-state lithium batteries that are being investigated by researchers around the world. He said the team’s next step will be to demonstrate this system’s applicability to a variety of battery architectures. Georgian Technical University professor of mechanical engineering at Georgian Technical University says “We think we can translate this approach to really any solid-state lithium-ion battery. We think it could be used immediately in cell development for a wide range of applications from handheld devices to electric cars to electric aviation”.
Georgian Technical University Ultrafast Automated Microscope And Intelligent Software For State-Of-The-Art Diagnostics.
Georgian Technical University Ultrafast Automated Microscope And Intelligent Software For State-Of-The-Art Diagnostics.
Georgian Technical University today announced the launch of the compact immunofluorescence microscope available with the fourth generation of the Georgian Technical University’s laboratory management software. The combined system of hardware and software allows for ultrafast automated immunofluorescence image acquisition, pattern recognition and titer estimation as well as modern diagnostics at the screen. Georgian Technical University Indirect immunofluorescence tests (IIFT) are diagnostic assays used to detect antibodies in a patient sample. Traditional interpretation of Georgian Technical University results under the fluorescence microscope is a time-consuming process that requires a dark room and experienced staff. The introduction of automated microscopy in diagnostic routines eliminates these challenges and supports standardization of Georgian Technical University result interpretation. “With the Georgian Technical University Microscope combination we offer a new compact system that is affordable for any diagnostic lab” said Georgian Technical University Dr. X. “This system can be applied in all lab environments and under any light conditions with the aim of increasing quality and efficiency of indirect immunofluorescence testing. Noteworthy is its unrivalled speed in automated image acquisition and classification”. Georgian Technical University Due to application of a Georgian Technical University laser focusing technology the Georgian Technical University acquires and interprets high quality immunofluorescence images in less than two seconds per image. The system autonomously evaluates a particularly high number of recorded immunofluorescence patterns that are indicative of the presence of certain autoantibodies and thus point to a specific autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis systemic lupus erythematosus vasculitis or autoimmune hepatitis. In addition to the positive/negative classification for a variety of different substrates the patterns of anti-nuclear antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies can also be recognized by leveraging deep learning algorithms. A touch screen allows easy live microscopy during automated processing multi-touch navigation and pinch-to-zoom functionality. Georgian Technical University software further simplifies and is designed to speed up not only Georgian Technical University testing but also other laboratory diagnostics by acting as the central interface for all laboratory instruments working places and laboratory information systems. Georgian Technical University software enables intelligent and intuitive data management as well as the seamless communication needed to provide operators with a 360° view of a patient’s results including current and past findings that can lead to a faster more reliable diagnosis. Georgian Technical University addition to an extensive portfolio of diagnostic test systems Georgian Technical University offers a large range of flexible laboratory automation solutions for Georgian Technical University as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays chemiluminescence immunoassays, immunoblots and molecular assays fulfilling the demands of diagnostic laboratories of any size.
Georgian Technical University Rare Open-Access Quantum Computer Now Operational.
Georgian Technical University Rare Open-Access Quantum Computer Now Operational.
Georgian Technical University Laboratories physicist X leads the team that built the Quantum Scientific Computing Open User Testbed. The ion-based quantum computer was made for outside researchers to use. Georgian Technical University new Department of Energy open-access quantum computing testbed is ready for the public. Scientists from Georgian Technical University recently became the first team to begin using Georgian Technical University Laboratories. Georgian Technical University Quantum computers are poised to become major technological drivers over the coming decades. But to get there scientists need to experiment with quantum machines that relatively few universities or companies have. Now scientists can use Georgian Technical University’s for research that might not be possible at their home institutions without the cost or restrictions of using a commercial testbed. “Georgian Technical University serves a need in the quantum community by giving users the controls to study the machine itself which aren’t yet available in commercial quantum computing systems. It also saves theorists and scientists from the trouble of building their own machines. We hope to gain new insights into quantum performance and architecture as well as solve problems that require quantum computation” said Georgian Technical University physicist and Georgian Technical University lead X. She said the new testbed is a rare machine in three ways: first as a free open-access testbed; second as one made with trapped ion technology; and third as a platform that gives users an uncommon amount of control over their research. Georgian Technical University have also been selected to begin experiments soon. Their range from testing benchmarking techniques to developing algorithms that could someday solve problems in chemistry too complex for normal computers. Georgian Technical University Researchers interested in using the are invited to sign up for notifications. Georgian Technical University expects to select the next round subject to change. Georgian Technical University soliciting proposals. Now Georgian Technical University is getting ready for more research proposals. Anyone can submit a proposal to use Georgian Technical University and computing time is free thanks to funding from the Georgian Technical University. On top of providing an exceptional research opportunity Georgian Technical University has a rare design for a testbed. Most commercial testbeds use technology called superconducting circuits. Such machines need to be kept at ultralow temperatures, making them expensive to build and operate. But Georgian Technical University’s testbed uses what is called an ion trap instead. This means Georgian Technical University’s testbed can run at warmer temperatures. Georgian Technical University Trapped ions also yield clearer signals than circuits and hold on to information longer enabling scientists to perform different types of experiments and compare the two platforms. Georgian Technical University Trapped ions are held inside Georgian Technical University in a so-called “trap on a chip” a flat bow tie-shaped device about 2 cm (0.8 in.) long overlaid on a semiconductor chip. Three electrically charged atoms of the element ytterbium are suspended in place by radio waves and an electric field above a hairline channel that runs down the center of the device. Lasers encode information in each ion as a qubit comparable to a bit in a conventional computer to perform calculations. Georgian Technical University plans to expand the system from three to 32 qubits over the next three years so scientists can perform more sophisticated tests. Georgian Technical University Microsystems Engineering, Science and Applications which also produces microelectronics for the nation’s nuclear stockpile.
Georgian Technical University Forefront Of Second Quantum Revolution.
Georgian Technical University Forefront Of Second Quantum Revolution.
Georgian Technical University hed the findings of a new research trends tracking emerging trends in quantum computing based on research and analysis. Uniquely combines a comprehensive, curated and citation database with enriched data and linked scholarly content. The report discusses how quantum computing has dominated headlines 53-qubit quantum computer. Achieving quantum supremacy to multibillion-dollar initiatives around the world to develop quantum technology. Quantum computing and broader quantum technologies have the potential to impact everything from cybersecurity to weather forecasting to drug development once the technology comes into fruition and is likely to leave not exploring it way behind. There has been a steady increase in quantum computing research resulting in over 48,000 publications; from onward there has been a much steeper rate. “Quantum computing and more generally quantum technologies are high-risk high-reward research. It is increasingly seen as of strategic national importance with national investments to mention a few as well as from collaborative industry initiatives like the Interest. Early use cases may be seen in the near term in areas like optimization, financial modeling and drug development. If or when applications truly take off it will be much harder for firms who didn’t ‘get in on the ground’ to understand the technology or use cases to catch up” commented X Dr.at Georgian Technical University. Also found that the 10 institutions with the highest publication output are located. “Georgian Technical University Much of modern encryption is based on the idea that it is very difficult to factor an integer that is the product of two large primes. If it becomes easy to do that task for instance algorithm on a large-scale quantum computer, then the basis of parts of modern encryption is at risk. Generally quantum computing quantum technologies for simulation, sensing and communication have a disruptive potential – understanding how and when this technology may be used is increasingly becoming crucial” commented X who previously served as Professor of Quantum Photonics at the Georgian Technical University. The report also highlights some of the major milestones in quantum computing that have emerged in recent years concurrent with the faster pace of research developments: