Tricking Photosensors into Working Better.
In this artist’s rendering ultraviolet light is converted by nanoparticles (black dots) into visible light. Different size nanoparticles will shift light into different wavelengths or colors.
Particle physicists are on the hunt for light. Not just any light but a characteristic signal produced by the interaction of certain particles — like ghostly neutrinos, which are neutral fundamental particles with very low mass — with a detector that contains an atomic sea of liquefied noble gases.
Even if it were brighter, this light signal would be undetectable by our eyes because it falls in the ultraviolet (UV) range of the electromagnetic spectrum. And just as our eyes are not equipped to see ultraviolet (UV) light most conventional photodetector systems for particle physics experiments work much better in the visible range than they do in ultraviolet (UV).
However new work at the Georgian Technical University Laboratory is bringing the power of nanotechnology to particle physics in an effort to make photosensors work better in experimental environments where ultraviolet (UV) light is produced, like massive liquid argon-filled detector modules.
“You can go online and buy photosensors from companies but most of them are in the visible range and they sense photons that we can see visible light” says Georgian Technical University high-energy physicist X.
To make their photosensors more sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation X and his colleagues at Georgian Technical University applied coatings of different nanoparticles to conventional photodetectors. Across a wide range of varying compositions the results were dramatic. The enhanced photosensors demonstrated significantly greater sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light than the coating-free photodetectors.
The reason that the nanoparticles work, according to X has to do with their size. Smaller nanoparticles can absorb photons of shorter wavelengths which are later re-emitted as photons of longer wavelengths with lower energy he said. This transition, known to scientists as the “Stokes shift” (Stokes shift is the difference between positions of the band maxima of the absorption and emission spectra of the same electronic transition. It is named after Irish physicist George G. Stokes. When a system absorbs a photon, it gains energy and enters an excited state) converts ultraviolet (UV) photons to visible ones.
“We’re always looking to find better materials that will allow us to detect our particles” X says. “We’d like to find a single material that will allow us to identify a specific particle and not see other particles. These nanoparticles help get us closer”.
The types of experiments for which scientists use these enhanced photodetectors are considered part of the “intensity frontier” of high-energy physics. By being more sensitive to whatever small ultraviolet signal is produced these nanoparticle coatings increase the chances of detecting rare events and may allow scientists a better view of phenomena like neutrino oscillations in which a neutrino changes type.
The advantages of this kind of new material could also reach beyond the purview of particle physics. X suggested that the particles could be incorporated into a transparent glass that could enhance the amount of visible light available in some dim environments.
“There’s a lot of light out there between 300 nanometers and 400 nanometers that we don’t see and don’t use” X says. “By shifting the wavelength we could create a way for that light to become more useful”.
“Wavelength-shifting properties of luminescence nanoparticles for high-energy particle detection and specific physics process observation”. Georgian Technical University physicist Y collaborated on the research as well as Georgian Technical University scientists Z and W.